Online History Resources

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French, Swiss, Stradiots and Italians in a 1506 print of the Battle of Fornovo 1495 (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Fornovo-1506-large.htm)
https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=8958&d=1364968572

MIRROR SITE:
A 1506 print of the Battle of Fornovo 1495 (http://warfare.ck/Renaissance/Fornovo-1506-large.htm)

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Illustrations of Costume and Soldiers (http://warfare.gq/index.htm)

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Illustrations of Germans from Gilbertus Universalis, Austria, 2nd half of the 12th century (http://warfare.gq/12/Gilbertus_Universalis.htm)
. Siege of Jerusalem (http://warfare.gq/12/Gilbertus_Universalis-Siege_of_Jerusalem.htm)
. Blinding of Sedekiah (http://warfare.gq/12/Gilbertus_Universalis-Blinding_Sedekiah.htm)
https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=8992&d=1365634259

Mosaner Psalter, mid 12th century - Herod orders the massacre of the innocents (http://warfare.gq/12/Mosaner_Psalter-Herod_orders_the_massacre_of_the_innocents-12C.htm)

MIRROR SITES:
Illustrations of Germans from Gilbertus Universalis, Austria, 2nd half of the 12th century (http://warfare2.000webhostapp.com/12/Gilbertus_Universalis.htm)
. Siege of Jerusalem (http://warfare2.000webhostapp.com/12/Gilbertus_Universalis-Siege_of_Jerusalem.htm)
. Blinding of Sedekiah (http://warfare2.000webhostapp.com/12/Gilbertus_Universalis-Blinding_Sedekiah.htm)

Mosaner Psalter, mid 12th century - Herod orders the massacre of the innocents (http://warfare2.000webhostapp.com/12/Mosaner_Psalter-Herod_orders_the_massacre_of_the_innocents-12C.htm)


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Illustrations of Costume and Soldiers (http://warfare.gq/index.htm)

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Kitab al-diryaq (Book of Potions), 1198-99, from northern Mesopotamia (http://warfare.tk/Turk/Kitab_al-Diryaq-Arabe2964.htm)

Folio. 5, Medicine: Pharmacopoeia. (http://warfare.tk/Turk/Kitab_al-Diryaq-Arabe2964-f11.htm)
Folio 15, Medicine: Pharmacopoeia. (http://warfare.tk/Turk/Kitab_al-Diryaq-Arabe2964-f21.htm)
Folio 17, Heraclides of Taranto at the apothecary. (http://warfare.tk/Turk/Kitab_al-Diryaq-Arabe2964-f23.htm)
Folio 22, Andromachus overseeing the harvest. (http://warfare.tk/Turk/Kitab_al-Diryaq-Arabe2964-f28.htm)
Folio 27, Healing the favorite at the King's pavilion. (http://warfare.tk/Turk/Kitab_al-Diryaq-Arabe2964-f33.htm)
Folio 19, Andromachus and man bitten by a snake. (http://warfare.tk/Turk/Kitab_al-Diryaq-Arabe2964-f25.htm)
Folio 31, Proklos, Pythagoras & Heraclides of Taranto. (http://warfare.tk/Turk/Kitab_al-Diryaq-Arabe2964-f37.htm)
Folio 32, Galien, Magnus Emesis & Philagrios. (http://warfare.tk/Turk/Kitab_al-Diryaq-Arabe2964-f38.htm)
Folio 34, Marinos, Andromachus & young Andromachus (http://warfare.tk/Turk/Kitab_al-Diryaq-Arabe2964-f40.htm)
Folio 36, Protection by the stars. (http://warfare.tk/Turk/Kitab_al-Diryaq-Arabe2964-f42.htm)
Folio 37, Protection by the stars. (http://warfare.tk/Turk/Kitab_al-Diryaq-Arabe2964-f43.htm)

mirror site
Kitab al-diryaq (Book of Potions), 1198-99, from northern Mesopotamia (http://warfare.ga/Turk/Kitab_al-Diryaq-Arabe2964.htm)

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Illustrations of Soldiers (http://warfare.tk/index.htm)

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Illustrations from a Nihayat al-su'l, a Mameluke manual of horsemanship and military practice, 1371. (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-1371.htm)
. Two mounted mamluks with lances (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-1371-f97.htm)
. Four riders (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-1371-f99.htm)
. A horseman attacking a bear with his lance. (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-1371-f113.htm)
. A blue-robed horseman holding a sabre (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-1371-f125.htm)
. A horseman with the edge of his sword under his right armpit (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-1371-f127v.htm)
. A horseman with a small shield round his neck (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-1371-f129v.htm)
. A rider with an iron helmet and a sword (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-1371-f131v.htm)
. A horseman with a 2nd sword in his left hand, its blade under his right armpit (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-1371-f132v.htm)
. A rider is holding a sword in each hand (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-1371-f134.htm)
. Two armed soldiers on horseback charging each other. (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-1371-f135.htm)
. A horseman with two swords and two small hide shields (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-1371-f136.htm)
. A red-robed horseman with circular shield and spear (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-1371-f138v.htm)
. Four horsemen, brandishing circular shields and sabres (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-1371-f140.htm)
Mamluk cavalryman in Armies of the Middle Ages, Volume 2 by Ian Heath, based on the Nihayat al-su'l (http://warfare.tk/WRG/Middle_Ages_2-16-Mamluk-1366.htm)
Another 14th century copy:
. A rider falls as his saddle slips. (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-14C-1.htm)
. Two horsemen. (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-14C-2.htm)
. Tethered horse. (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-14C-3.htm)
. Horses mating. (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-14C-4.htm)
. Cow. (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-14C-5.htm)
. Camel. (http://warfare.tk/14/Nihayat_al-sul-14C-6.htm)
https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=9035&d=1366246483

Mirror site
Nihayat al-su'l, a Mameluke manual of horsemanship and military practice, 1371. (http://warfare.ga/14/Nihayat_al-sul-1371.htm)

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Illustrations of Egyptian Costume & Soldiers (http://warfare.tk/Egypt.htm)

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Knights on a Bronze and gilt fragment from the Temple Pyx, possibly German, mid 12th century (http://warfare.gq/12/Temple_Pyx_Bronze.htm)

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Illustrations of Costume and Soldiers (http://warfare.cf/index.htm)

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Illustrations of Irish Costume and Soldiers (http://warfare.gq/Irish.htm)

Clothing of the Ancient Celts - Hallstat and LaTéne Period, by M. E. Riley (http://warfare.gq/Celt/Classical.htm)
Clothing of the Ancient Celts - Ireland, ca. 5th-10th Centuries AD, by M. E. Riley (http://warfare.gq/Celt/Earlyirl.htm)
An Irish warrior in the Book of Kells, c.800AD (http://warfare.gq/6C-11C/Kells-200r-detail.htm)
An Irishman in ankle-length trews held taut with instep straps in the Book of Kells (http://warfare.gq/6C-11C/Kells-130r-detail.htm)
. Irish Warriors by Ian Heath based on the Book of Kells (http://warfare.gq/WRG/Dark_Ages-38-39-Irish_Warriors.htm)
Cross of the Two Scriptures at Clonmacnois, 10th century (http://warfare.gq/6C-11C/Cross_of_the_Scriptures.htm)
. Irish Chieftain by Ian Heath based on the Cross of the Two Scriptures at Clonmacnois (http://warfare.gq/WRG/Dark_Ages-37-Irish_Chieftain.htm)
Two Warriors arrest Jesus on the Cross of Muiredach, Monasterboice, County Louth, Ireland, 10th century (http://warfare.gq/6C-11C/Cross_of_Muiredach.htm)
Bronze Crucifixion Plaque, Clonmacnoise, County Offaly, Ireland, 10th-11th century (http://warfare.gq/6C-11C/Clonmacnoise-Crucifixion_plaque.htm)
Cumdach of the Stowe Missal, Sinister side, Ireland, 1025–52AD (http://warfare.gq/6C-11C/Cumdach_of_the_Stowe_Missal-sinister.htm)
The Breac Moedhóc, a bronze Irish house-shrine from the 11th or 12th century (http://warfare.gq/6C-11C/Maedhoc-shrine.htm)
Shrine of St. Manchán, of Manghan, c. 1130, Boher church, Co. Offaly, Ireland (http://warfare.gq/12/Manchan-shrine.htm)
. 9th-12th Century Irish Axeman by Ian Heath based on St Manchan's Shrine (http://warfare.gq/WRG/Dark_Ages-40-Irish_Axeman.htm)
Topographia Hibernica (Topography of Ireland) by Giraldus Cambrensis in British Library Ms. Royal 13 B VIII (http://warfare.gq/12/Giraldus-Roy-13BVIII.htm)
Centaur, Cormac's Chapel, Cashel, Ireland, late 12th century (http://warfare.gq/12/Cashel_Centaur.htm)
13th Century
Topographia Hibernica and Expugnatio Hibernica (Topography of Ireland & Conquest of Ireland) by Giraldus Cambrensis in NLI Ms. 700 (http://warfare.gq/13/Giraldus.htm)
Topographia Hibernica (Topography of Ireland) by Giraldus Cambrensis in Bodleian Library Ms. Laud. Misc. 720 (http://warfare.gq/13/Giraldus-bodley-Laud-720.htm)
. Irish Warriors, 12th-13th century, in Armies of Feudal Europe 1066-1300 by Ian Heath based on 'Topography of Ireland', 'Chapter House Liber A' & 'the Shrine of St. Manchán, of Manghan' (http://warfare.gq/WRG/Feudal-51-53-Irish_Warriors.htm)
'Irish foot-soldier' Chapter House Liber A, London, England, late 13th century (http://warfare.gq/13/Nicolle-273-Irish.htm)
14th-15th Centuries
Drawings of a cavalryman from the Magauran Duanaire, 14th century (http://warfare.gq/14/Magauran_Duanaire.htm)
The Burke Galloglaich effigy at Glinsk in County Galway, late-14th century (http://warfare.gq/14/Effigy_of_a_Burke_Galloglaich.htm)
Lough Henney Helmet, late 14th-early 15th century (http://warfare.gq/14/Henney_Helmet.htm)
https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=9097&d=1366956265
A miniature of MacMorogh, the Irish chieftain, coming to confer with the Earl of Gloucester, 1399 (http://warfare.gq/14/Harley_1319_f9_MacMorogh_the_Irish_chieftain.htm)
. Irish Kern, 14th-15th Centuries by Ian Heath (http://warfare.gq/WRG/Middle_Ages_1-28-Irish_Kern-14th-15thC.htm)
. Irish Horseman c1400 by Ian Heath (http://warfare.gq/WRG/Middle_Ages_1-29-Irish_Horseman-c1400.htm)
. Irish Chieftain, Art Oge Macmurrough Kavanagh, 14th-15th Centuries, by Ian Heath (http://warfare.gq/WRG/Middle_Ages_1-30-Irish_Chieftain.htm)
Effigy at Oronsay Priory, 14th or 15th century (http://warfare.gq/14/Effigy-Oronsay.htm)
. Gallóglaich, 14th-15th Centuries by Ian Heath (http://warfare.gq/WRG/Middle_Ages_1-31-Galloglaich-14th-15thC.htm)
Drawing of the remains of mural decoration in Holycross Abbey, Co. Tipperary, Ireland, late 14th-early 15th Centuries. (http://warfare.gq/14/Holycross_Abbey.htm)
The tomb of Felim O'Connor (d.1265) at Roscommon Abbey (http://warfare.gq/13/Felim_Oconnor-Dominican_Priory_of_St_Mary-County_Roscommon.htm)
. Islesmen or Gallóglaich, 12th-14th Centuries, in Armies of Feudal Europe 1066-1300 by Ian Heath (http://warfare.gq/WRG/Feudal-54-57-Islesmen-Galloglaich-12-14C.htm)
Drawings on the wall of Abbey Knockmoy, Co. Galway, Ireland, 15th Century (http://warfare.gq/15/Knockmoy.htm)
15th-century carving of a warrior displaying the arms of Butler, Jerpoint Abbey, County Kilkenny (http://warfare.gq/15/Effigy-Butler-15C.htm)
16th Century
Clothing of the Ancient Celts - Late Medieval Ireland (Late 15th - early 16th c.), by M. E. Riley (http://warfare.gq/Celt/Lateirl.htm)
Illustration of Irish warriors by Albrecht Durer, 1521 (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Irish_warriors_by_Albrecht_Durer-1521.htm)
Irish warriors, 'DRAVN AFTER THE QVICKE', early 16th century (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Irish_Warriors-Dravn_After_The_Qvicke.htm)
Irish Piper & Warrior from Códice De Trajes, 1547 (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Codice_De_Trajes-64v.htm)
Effigy of Domhall MacGill'easbuig, mid-16th century (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Effigy_of_Donald_MacGilleasbuig.htm)
MacSweeny Gallóglaich, from Goghe's Map of 1567. (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/MacSweeny_Galloglaich.htm)
Irish Men and Women, by Lucas d'Heere, about 1575 (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Corte_beschryvinghe.htm)
. 81. Irish as they stand accoutred being at the service of the late King Henry, by Lucas d'Heere (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Deheere-81.htm)
. 82. Irishman and Irishwoman, by Lucas d'Heere (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Deheere-82.htm)
. 83. Irish Woman and Girl, by Lucas d'Heere (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Deheere-83.htm)
Irish rider, published by Abraham de Bruyn, 1575-7 (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Abraham_de_Bruyn-Irish.htm)
Anglo-Irish from the de Burgo manuscript, Trinity College Dublin MS 1440, c.1578 (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/de_Burgo.htm)
Irish and English Soldiers in Derricke's The Image of Irelande, (1581) (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Derricke_The_Image_of_Irelande-1581.htm)
A Gallóglaich in Elizabeth I's Charter to Dublin, 1581-82 (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Galloglaich_on_Dublin_charter.htm)
Irish army of the 16th Century by George Gush (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/07_Irish.htm)
Irish soldier serving on the continent by Casper Rutz, 1586 (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Irish_soldier_by_Caspar_Rutz.htm)
Portrait of Captain Thomas Lee, Queen's Kern, by Marcus Gheeraerts, 1594 (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Captain_Thomas_Lee_by_Marcus_Gheeraerts_1594.htm)
Map of the Taking of the Earl of Ormonde in anno 1600 (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Taking_of_the_Earl_of_Ormonde.htm)
17th Century
Inauguration of the chief of the O'Neills at Tullaghoge on a Map of Ulster by Richard Bartlett, 1602 (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Inauguration_of_the_chief_at_Tullaghoge-1602.htm)
Four 'Irish' mercenaries in Stettin during the Thirty Years War (http://warfare.gq/Renaissance/Irish_mercenaries_in_Stettin.htm)

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Illustrations of Irish Costume and Soldiers (http://warfare.cf/Irish.htm)

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Pastrana Tapestries of Alfonso V of Portugal - late 15th Century (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana_Tapestries.htm)
In the late 1400s a set of four tapestries was created to commemorate the exploits of Alfonso V (1432 – 1481), king of Portugal, in North Africa. Probably commissioned by the king himself, the tapestries were woven on a monumental scale by Flemish weavers in Tournai, Belgium. They have been the property of the Collegiate Church of Our Lady of the Assumption in Pastrana, Spain, since the seventeenth century. The tapestries represent Alfonso's campaigns in Morocco where his troops won major victories in 1471 at the coastal cities of Asilah and Tangier, strategically located near the entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar.

Pastrana Tapestries - Portuguese Landing at Asilah (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Landing_at_Asilah-large.htm)
Portuguese Landing at Asilah, The Portuguese Fleet off the Coast of Morocco (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Landing_at_Asilah-left.htm)
Portuguese Landing at Asilah, Alfonso V and his son João, mounted (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Landing_at_Asilah-centre.htm)
Portuguese Landing at Asilah, Alfonso V and his son João on foot (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Landing_at_Asilah-centre-top.htm)
Portuguese Landing at Asilah, Moroccans Prepare to Defend (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Landing_at_Asilah-right.htm)

Pastrana Tapestries - Portuguese Siege of Asilah (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Siege_of_Asilah-large.htm)
Portuguese Siege of Asilah, The Bombardment (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Siege_of_Asilah-centre.htm)
Portuguese Siege of Asilah, Detail of bombard (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Siege_of_Asilah-bombard.htm)
Portuguese Siege of Asilah, Large detail of bombard (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Siege_of_Asilah-bombard-large.htm)
Portuguese Siege of Asilah, King Alfonso V on Horseback (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Siege_of_Asilah-right.htm)

Pastrana Tapestries - Portuguese Assault on Asilah (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Assault_on_Asilah-large.htm)
Portuguese Assault on Asilah, Prince João on Horseback (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Assault_on_Asilah-left.htm)
Portuguese Assault on Asilah, King Alfonso V on Horseback (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Assault_on_Asilah-right.htm)
Portuguese Assault on Asilah, Detail of King Alfonso V on Horseback (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Assault_on_Asilah-right-bottom.htm)

Pastrana Tapestries - Portuguese Conquest of Tangier (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Conquest_of_Tangier-large.htm)
Portuguese Conquest of Tangier, The Portuguese Commander (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Conquest_of_Tangier-far-left.htm)
Portuguese Conquest of Tangier, The Portuguese Army (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Conquest_of_Tangier-left.htm)
Portuguese Conquest of Tangier, The Portuguese Banner is Planted on the Gatehouse (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Conquest_of_Tangier-centre.htm)
Portuguese Conquest of Tangier, The Defeated Inhabitants Leave (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Conquest_of_Tangier-right.htm)
Portuguese Conquest of Tangier, Detail of the Defeated Inhabitants (http://warfare.gq/15/Pastrana-Conquest_of_Tangier-far-right.htm)

https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=9118&d=1367128184

See also Warfare and Firearms in Fifteenth Century Morocco, 1400-1492 By Weston F. Cook Jr. (http://warfare.gq/15/Morocco_By_Cook.htm)

MIRROR SITE
Pastrana Tapestries of Alfonso V of Portugal - late 15th Century (http://warfare2.000webhostapp.com/15/Pastrana_Tapestries.htm)

Druzhina
15th Century Illustrations of Costume & Soldiers (http://warfare.gq/15C.htm)

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13th Century Illustrations of Ayyubids

Ayyubids on a Ewer, Jazirah, 1246-1247 (http://warfare.tk/13/Ewer-1246.htm)
including a hunter (http://warfare.tk/13/Ewer-1246-e.htm), musicians (http://warfare.tk/13/Ewer-1246-f.htm), a mamluk horse-archer (http://warfare.tk/13/Ewer-1246-g.htm), a ruler, supplicant and sword-bearer (http://warfare.tk/13/Ewer-1246-h.htm), a horse & hunters (http://warfare.tk/13/Ewer-1246-i.htm) & a ruler & his guards (http://warfare.tk/13/Ewer-1246-j.htm)
https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=12805&d=1398163249
and
An Ayyubid Horse-archer on a Bowl, North Syrian, 13th century (http://warfare.tk/13/Ayyubid-Horsearcher_on_bowl.htm)
https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=12804&d=1398163221

MIRROR SITES
An Ayyubid Horse-archer on a Bowl, North Syrian, 13th century (http://warfare.ga/13/Ayyubid-Horsearcher_on_bowl.htm)

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13th Century Illustrations of Costume & Soldiers (http://warfare.cf/13C.htm)

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Ayyubid Horse Archer on a Pilgrim Bottle (zamzamiyyah) Fragment, 12th Century (http://warfare.tk/12/Ayyubid-Horse_Archer_on_fragment.htm)

Mirror Site
Ayyubid Horse Archer on a Pilgrim Bottle (zamzamiyyah) Fragment, 12th Century (http://warfare.ga/12/Ayyubid-Horse_Archer_on_fragment.htm)

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Illustrations of Soldiers (http://warfare.ga/index.htm)

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A Sogdian split tapestry (kilim) coat with animal motifs, Central Asia, 9th/10th Century (http://warfare.tk/Persia/Sogdian_Coat.htm)
Sogdian Coat - detail of Gazelle (http://warfare.tk/Persia/Sogdian_Coat-gazelle.htm)
Sogdian Coat - detail of Birds (http://warfare.tk/Persia/Sogdian_Coat-birds.htm)
Sogdian Coat - detail of pair of Gazelles (http://warfare.tk/Persia/Sogdian_Coat-pair_of_gazelle.htm)
Sogdian Coat - detail of pair of Birds (http://warfare.tk/Persia/Sogdian_Coat-pair_of_birds.htm)
https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=9125&d=1367383267

MIRROR SITE:
A Sogdian split tapestry (kilim) coat with animal motifs, Central Asia, 9th/10th Century (http://warfare.ga/Persia/Sogdian_Coat.htm)

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9th Century Illustrations of Costume & Soldiers (http://warfare.tk/9C.htm)

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Chessmen from Uig, Lewis, western isles of Scotland, c.1150-1175, Portraying Warriors (http://warfare.gq/12/Lewis_Chessmen-warders.htm)
https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=7932&d=1353576401
A hoard of 78 pieces was found in 1831 in the parish of Uig on the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides.
Scots Isles Warder 116 (http://warfare.gq/12/Lewis_Chessmen-warder-116.htm)
Scots Isles Warder 117 (http://warfare.gq/12/Lewis_Chessmen-warder-117-front.htm)
Scots Isles Warder 118 (http://warfare.gq/12/Lewis_Chessmen-warder-118.htm)
Scots Isles Warder 119 (http://warfare.gq/12/Lewis_Chessmen-warder-119.htm)
Scots Isles Warder 120 (http://warfare.gq/12/Lewis_Chessmen-warder-120.htm)
Scots Isles Warder 121 (http://warfare.gq/12/Lewis_Chessmen-warder-121-front.htm)
Scots Isles Warder 122 (http://warfare.gq/12/Lewis_Chessmen-warder-122.htm)
Scots Isles Warder 123 (http://warfare.gq/12/Lewis_Chessmen-warder-123.htm)
Scots Isles Warder 124 (http://warfare.gq/12/Lewis_Chessmen-warder-124.htm)
Scots Isles Warder 125 (http://warfare.gq/12/Lewis_Chessmen-warder-125.htm)
Scots Isles Warder NMS (http://warfare.gq/12/Lewis_Chessmen-warder-NMS.htm)
Scots Isles Warder NMS-berserker (http://warfare.gq/12/Lewis_Chessmen-warder-NMS-berserker.htm)

A Scots Islesmen from Armies of Feudal Europe 1066-1300 by Ian Heath - based on the Lewis chessmen. (http://warfare.gq/WRG/Feudal-54-57-Islesmen-Galloglaich-12-14C.htm)

MIRROR SITE
Chessmen from Uig, Lewis, western isles of Scotland, c.1150-1175, Portraying Warriors (http://warfare2.000webhostapp.com/12/Lewis_Chessmen-warders.htm)
A Scots Islesmen from Armies of Feudal Europe 1066-1300 by Ian Heath - based on the Lewis chessmen. (http://warfare2.000webhostapp.com/WRG/Feudal-54-57-Islesmen-Galloglaich-12-14C.htm)

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12th Century Illustrations of Costume & Soldiers (http://warfare.gq/12C.htm)

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A detail of a North Italian guard with mail leg armour (http://warfare.gq/6C-11C/Vercelli-MS_CLXV-9C-detail.htm) from:
Emperor Constantine at the Council of Nicaea, Northern Italy, c.825 AD (http://warfare.gq/6C-11C/Vercelli-MS_CLXV-9C.htm)

Druzhina
Illustrations of Costume & Soldiers (http://warfare.gq/index.htm)

[druzhina]

Georgian 15th Century Illustrations
A Georgian 15th century enamel of St. George killing the dragon (http://warfare.tk/15/Georgian-StGeorge-Enamel-15thC.htm)
. Large image of a Georgian 15th century enamel of St. George killing the dragon (http://warfare.tk/15/Georgian-StGeorge-Enamel-15thC-large.htm)
https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=9155&d=1367921190

MIRROR SITE:

A Georgian 15th century enamel of St. George killing the dragon (http://warfare.ga/15/Georgian-StGeorge-Enamel-15thC.htm)
. Large image of a Georgian 15th century enamel of St. George killing the dragon (http://warfare.ga/15/Georgian-StGeorge-Enamel-15thC-large.htm)


Druzhina
15th Century Illustrations of Costume & Soldiers (http://warfare.tk/15C.htm)

[druzhina]

Most 14th century Mongol illustrations are Ilkhanid (http://warfare.tk/Persia/14/Ilkhanid.htm) or their successors.
There are stone carvings from the north Caucasus which may be of interest:
https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=9160&d=1367982285
Tympanum with a Horse and Rider, 14th century, Caucasus, probably Kubatchi, Dagestan (http://warfare.tk/14/Tympanum_with_a_Horse_and_Rider.htm)
Tympanum with a Horse Rider & an Infantryman with Standard, 14th-15th century, Kubatchi, Dagestan (http://warfare.tk/14/Tympanum_with_Rider_and_Standard.htm)

MIRROR SITE
Tympanum with a Horse and Rider, 14th century, Caucasus, probably Kubatchi, Dagestan (http://warfare.ga/14/Tympanum_with_a_Horse_and_Rider.htm)
Tympanum with a Horse Rider & an Infantryman with Standard, 14th-15th century, Kubatchi, Dagestan (http://warfare.ga/14/Tympanum_with_Rider_and_Standard.htm)

Druzhina
14th Century Illustrations of Costume & Soldiers (http://warfare.tk/14C.htm)

[druzhina]

Bury Bible, Jeremiah / Soldiers Attack Jerusalem, Bury St Edmunds, England, c.1130-1135 (http://warfare.gq/12/Bury_Bible-f245v.htm)
Drawings of, & notes on, 12th century infantrymen by Ian Heath - based on the Bury Bible (http://warfare.gq/WRG/Feudal-22-25-Infantrymen-12C.htm)

Druzhina
Illustrations of Soldiers (http://warfare.gq/index.htm)

[druzhina]

Photographs of a barrel of a Tiger Cannon (cast in 1790-1 AD) of Tipu Sultan, Sultan of Mysore (http://warfare.tk/18C/Tiger_cannon.htm)

MIRROR SITE:
A barrel of a Tiger Cannon (cast in 1790-1 AD) of Tipu Sultan, Sultan of Mysore (http://http://warfare.ga/18C/Tiger_cannon.htm)

Druzhina
Illustrations of Costume & Soldiers (http://warfare.gq/index.htm)

[druzhina]

The Conquest of Pamplona on the Charlemagne Reliquary, ca. 1215 (http://warfare.gq/13/Conquest_of_Pamplona-Charlemagne_Reliquary-c1215.htm)
A drawing of, and notes on, a knight of c.1205 by Ian Heath - based on the Charlemagne Reliquary (http://warfare.gq/WRG/Feudal-6-Knight-c1205.htm)

Mirror Site
The Conquest of Pamplona on the Charlemagne Reliquary, ca. 1215 (http://warfare.cf/13/Conquest_of_Pamplona-Charlemagne_Reliquary-c1215.htm)

Druzhina
Illustrations of Costume and Soldiers (http://warfare.gq/index.htm)

[druzhina]

Illustrations of 17th century Russians after Olearius: (http://warfare.tk/17/Olearius.htm)
Russian Royal Guard after Olearius (http://warfare.tk/17/Olearius-guard.htm)
Russian Boyars after Olearius (http://warfare.tk/17/Olearius-boyars.htm)
Russian Regimental Officer after Olearius (http://warfare.tk/17/Olearius-regimental-officer.htm)
Russian Chief Officer after Olearius (http://warfare.tk/17/Olearius-chief-officer.htm)
Russian Strelets (Streltsi) or Musketeer after Olearius (http://warfare.tk/17/Olearius-strelets.htm)
https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=9246&d=1368854198

MIRROR SITE
Illustrations of 17th century Russians after Olearius: (http://warfare.ga/17/Olearius.htm)
Russian Royal Guard after Olearius (http://warfare.ga/17/Olearius-guard.htm)
Russian Boyars after Olearius (http://warfare.ga/17/Olearius-boyars.htm)
Russian Regimental Officer after Olearius (http://warfare.ga/17/Olearius-regimental-officer.htm)
Russian Chief Officer after Olearius (http://warfare.ga/17/Olearius-chief-officer.htm)
Russian Strelets (Streltsi) or Musketeer after Olearius (http://warfare.ga/17/Olearius-strelets.htm)

Druzhina
Russian Illustrations of Costume & Soldiers (http://warfare.tk/Russia.htm)

[druzhina]

Mongol Infantrymen in the Moko Shurai Ekotoba (Mongol Invasion Scroll) by Takezaki Suenaga, 1293 (http://warfare.tk/13/Moko_Shurai_Ekotoba_by_Takezaki_Suenaga.htm)
A Mongol Infantryman by Ian Heath (http://warfare.tk/WRG/Crusades-86-Mongol_Infantryman.htm)

Mirror Site
Mongol Infantrymen in the Moko Shurai Ekotoba (Mongol Invasion Scroll) by Takezaki Suenaga, 1293 (http://warfare.ga/13/Moko_Shurai_Ekotoba_by_Takezaki_Suenaga.htm)

Druzhina
Illustrations of Costume & Soldiers (http://warfare.tk/index.htm)

[druzhina]

A Syriac Gospel, c.1220 showing soldiers, British Library Ms. Add. 7170 (http://warfare.tk/13/Syriac_Gospel-c1220.htm)
. Syrian Cavalryman c.1220 in Armies and Enemies of the Crusades 1096-1291 by Ian Heath, based on the c.1220 Syriac Gospel (http://warfare.tk/WRG/Crusades-43-Syrian.htm)
. Syrian Infantryman in Armies and Enemies of the Crusades 1096-1291 by Ian Heath, based on the c.1220 Syriac Gospel (http://warfare.tk/WRG/Crusades-44-Syrian_Infantryman.htm)
Maqamat of al-Hariri, BnF Ms Arabe 6094, 1222-23AD (http://warfare.tk/13/MSarabe6094-1222AD.htm)
Ayyubid Horse-archer on a bowl, 1st half of the 13th century, Louvre (http://warfare.tk/13/Ayyubid-Horsearcher_on_bowl-Louvre.htm)
Illustrations of Ayyubids on the Blacas Ewer, Mosul, 1232 AD (http://warfare.tk/13/Blacas_Ewer.htm)
Maqamat of al-Hariri, BnF Ms Arabe 5847, 1237AD (http://warfare.tk/13/MSarabe5847-1237AD.htm)
Maqamat of al-Hariri, BnF Ms Arabe 3929, 2nd quarter of 13th century (http://warfare.tk/13/MSarabe3929-2ndQ13thC.htm)
Ayyubid Rider on Bowl, 13th Century (http://warfare.tk/13/Ayyubid-Rider_on_bowl.htm)
Ayyubid Hunters on a Canister, Victoria and Albert Museum, 1238-40. (http://warfare.tk/13/Ayyubid_Hunters_on_a_Canister-1238-40.htm)
Ayyubids on a Ewer, Jazirah, 1246-1247 (http://warfare.tk/13/Ewer-1246.htm)
Illuminations from a Coptic Gospel - Institut Catholique Ms. Copte-Arabe 1 (http://warfare.tk/13/Institut_Catholique_Ms_Copte-Arabe-1-f4v.htm)
Sgraffito-ware bowl showing a horseman in urban Arab costume, Syria?, 13th century, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg (http://warfare.tk/13/Arab-Sgraffito_bowl-Hermitage.htm)
The Fano Cup, Ayyubid Jazirah or Syria, c. 1250 AD, BnF (http://warfare.tk/13/Ayyubid-Fano_Cup-Jazirah_or_Syria-BnF.htm)
Ayyubid cavalry with spear or crossbow, on a Glass Water-Flask, 1250-60, British Museum number: 1869,0120.3 (http://warfare.tk/13/Ayyubids_on_a_Glass_Flask-1250-60.htm)
. Ayyubid Heavy Cavalryman from Armies and Enemies of the Crusades 1096-1291 by Ian Heath (http://warfare.tk/WRG/Crusades-46-Ayyubid_Heavy_Cavalryman.htm) based on the Capture of the True Cross at Hattin in Chronica Majora by Matthew Paris (http://warfare.tk/http://warfare.gq/13/Chronica_Majora-Capture_of_the_True_Cross_at_Hattin.htm)
. Ayyubid Mamluk from Armies and Enemies of the Crusades 1096-1291 by Ian Heath (http://warfare.tk/WRG/Crusades-47-Ayyubid_Mamluk.htm) based on the Frontispiece of the 13th Century Kitab al-Diryaq (http://warfare.tk/Turk/Kitab_al-Diryaq-13C-frontis-large.htm)
Ayyubid Hunter on an Incense-burner or Hand-warmer, 3rd quarter of 13th Century (http://warfare.tk/13/Ayyubid-Hunter_on_burner.htm)
https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=9619&d=1371203600

Mirror site
Ayyubid Illustrations of Costume & Soldiers (http://warfare.ga/Egypt.htm#Ayyubid)

Druzhina
13th Century Illustrations of Costume & Soldiers (http://warfare.tk/13C.htm)

[Montmorency]

Sometime in the past couple of years, someone posted in the Monastery a link to an extremely detailed site on the subject of WW2 Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union.

I mean, ridiculously detailed and rich in info.

Unfortunately, after trawling through the first 5 pages of the Monastery I couldn't seem to find the post.

Any help?

[RomanBurrr]

Hi guys,

I hope I'm posting in the right place.

I'm very exited for the release of Rome II in a couple of weeks and decided to brush up a bit on the history of the era.

What I'm looking for essentially is a comparison between the regions and factions set during the campaign of the game and the current countries and nations these regions and factions roughly correspond to today.

I don't need a large volume of information regarding each faction, just a short description of what these factions are known as today ( Example: Gauls are today's Frenchmen and Gaul was what is now France (give or take).

Could someone point me to a website or a thread that would help me with my personal research?

Thank you!

[druzhina]

An old geocities site is available again at:
The Portuguese Military Orders (http://warfare.gq/12/Portuguese_Military_Orders.htm)
which includes:
Order of Christ (http://warfare.gq/12/PMO-orderchrist.htm)
Order of Avis (http://warfare.gq/12/PMO-orderaviz.htm)
Order of St. James of the Sword (http://warfare.gq/12/PMO-stjames.htm)

MIRROR SITE
The Portuguese Military Orders (http://warfare2.000webhostapp.com/12/Portuguese_Military_Orders.htm)

Druzhina
Illustrations of Costume & Soldiers (http://warfare.gq/index.htm)

[edyzmedieval]

Adding an online resource on the Medieval part - Byzantine Studies at Dumbarton Oaks. :book:

The Dumbarton Oaks website has a couple of issues available for download that deal with a wide variety of Byzantine topics, available here - http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/dumbarton-oaks-papers

[edyzmedieval]

Adding another source - Google has digitised significant books, and some are available to read online.

https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006734253 - Byzantine Empire by C.W.C. Oman.

[Montmorency]

Fascinating set of blog posts on the military use of elephants.

The blog, "A Collection of Unmitigated Pedantry (A look at the history of battle in popular culture)", seems cool.


https://acoup.blog/2019/07/26/collections-war-elephants-part-i-battle-pachyderms/
https://acoup.blog/2019/08/02/collections-war-elephants-part-ii-elephants-against-wolves/
https://acoup.blog/2019/08/09/collections-war-elephants-part-iii-elephant-memories/

I: Elephants could be devastating against unprepared enemies, but their core usages were always to disorder and disrupt enemy formations (infantry or cavalry), rather than the epic charge thing. Elephant towers were actually a Mediterranean invention exported to India.

II: As a weapons-system, elephants were an exorbitant logistical and combined-arms investment that were also extremely easy to counter with preparation. The Romans (and Han Chinese) for their part found them of marginal utility.

III: "[I]f the elephant was at best a limited weapon, why did its use persist in India?" In Indian culture, elephants had higher availability as well as cultural significance. Their use persisted in part as a "royal symbol" in the competition between aristocrats and kings.


So long as the elephant remained even moderately militarily valuable, it was a perfect vehicle for a warrior-aristocrat to display his power and prowess... This isn’t just a vanity project for the king (though it is that too) – extravagant displays of royal power are a key component of remaining king (the key big-word idea here is legitimacy).

[A]s the Indian model of kingship spreads into that region, war elephants spread with it. Whereas in places where there is plenty of contact, but the institution of Indian-style kingship doesn’t spread, war elephants are used rarely, if at all... This tie between elephants and kings seems to have been quite strong. Trautmann (2015) notes that even within India, states without kings (oligarchies, independent tribes and cities, etc) only rarely acquired elephants and never in the same sort of numbers as kings. So even when elephants are cheaper – because they are close by – unless you need elephants as physical symbols of the power and legitimacy of the king and his warrior-aristocrats, they are largely not worth the effort to procure.