Luciano B
01-28-2006, 00:14
https://img95.imageshack.us/img95/2553/bannerdef38pu2cy.jpg (https://imageshack.us)
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
This historical mod covers the great struggles for supremacy in Italy in the timeframe 333BC - 222BC.
After the Defeat of the Aequi, the conquest of the Etruscan city of Veii and the definitive submission of the Latins, Aurunci, Volsci, Hernici and the Campani of Capua, Rome emerged as one of the main powers in Italy ready to engage the other nations for the supremacy on the peninsula.
With the great invasion of the IV century BC some of the most warlike tribes among the Celtic nations settled in northern Italy; the surviving Etruscan cities, after the setback of the previous years, found the way for a more effective collaboration to contrast their foes. In the highlands of central and southern Italy the strong Italic nations were at the top of their power, expanding at expense of the Greek poleis of the old "Magna Graecia".
In the heel of Italy Alexander of Epirus, uncle of Alexander the Great, has just landed in help of the rich Greek town of Tarentum, aiming to emulate the achievements of his nephew; in the meantime the powerful Greek Syracusae is in continuous attrition with Carthage to control the rich lands of Sicily.
THE FACTIONS
- APULI
Apulia was inhabited by different tribes known in ancient times as Iapyges (or Iapygi). The Iapyges contained in origin a strong Illyrian element. By the mid 4th century the tribes of the Dauni and Peucetii together with Oscan immigrants are found grouped as Apuli, with a mixed, rich culture strongly influenced by the Greeks.
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/9738/apuli012pz.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=apuli012pz.jpg)
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/2747/apuli025ae.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=apuli025ae.jpg)
settlements:
Arpi (Daunia Inferior)
Teanum Apulum (Daunia Superior)
Barium (Peucetia Inferior)
Canusium (Peucetia Superior)
Silvium (Peucetia Interior)
- BOII
A Celtic tribe, one section of which settled in Cisalpine Gaul around Bononia (Bologna, the previously Etruscan Felsina) and another in what was later Bohemia, to which it gave its name. The Cisalpine group, after struggling against the Romans throughout the 3rd century BC, was subdued and driven out from Italy. An argument can be made for an early intermixing with Etruscans who inhabited the towns of the Po valley, which produced a sort of contamination of the original culture which then showed many Etruscan influences.
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/7492/boii016lt.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=boii016lt.jpg)
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/3013/boii022ws.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=boii022ws.jpg)
settlements:
Bononia (Ager Bononiensis)
Mutina (Ager Mutiniensis)
Parma (Ager Parmensis)
Placentia (Ager Placentinus)
- BRETTII
The Bretti (or Bruttii) were an indigenous tribe from the mountain regions of Calabria who had been conquered and Oscanised by the Lucani. In 356 BC they rebelled and set up their own indipendent league, which conquered some of the coastal Greek cities. They fought Tarentum, sometimes allied with the Lucani and sided successively with Pyrrhos and Hannibal. The records report the Brettii like an indomitable warrior nation.
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/1065/brettii6br.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=brettii6br.jpg)
settlements:
Consentia (Ager Consentinus)
Acherontia (Ager Acherontianus)
Petelia (Ager Petelianus)
Hipponion (Ager Hipponiensis)
Clampetia (Ager Clampetianus)
Terina (Ager Terinaeus)
- CENOMANI
The Cenomani were a branch of the Celtic Aulerci tribe. About 400 BC, under the leadership of Elitovius, a large number of the Cenomani crossed into Italy, drove the Etruscans southwards from their dominion north of the Po, and occupied the territory form the river to the eastern Alps. Livy gives their chief towns at Brixia (Brescia) and Verona. The Cenomani nearly always appear in history as loyal friends and allies of the Romans, whom they assisted in the Gallic War (225 BC), when the Boii and Insubres took up arms against Rome, and during the war against Hannibal. They certainly joined in the revolt of the Gauls under Hamilcar (200 BC), but after they had been defeated by the consul Gaius Cornelius (197 BC) they finally submitted.
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/5472/cenomani8hi.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=cenomani8hi.jpg)
settlements:
Brixia (Ager Brixianus)
Verona (Ager Veronensis)
Mantua (Ager Mantuanus)
Bergomum (Ager Bergomatis)
- ETRUSCI (Etruscans of the northern cities)
Etruria was a league, traditionally of 12 cities. This was mainly a religious association, with its federal centre at the temple of Voltumna in Volsinii (Orvieto). Politically the various cities mostly pursued their own courses, but occasionally managed to unite for war under the auspices of the league. The Guals overran the Etruscan cities in the Po valley about 400, and also the southern Etruscan dominion in Campania went lost due the Oscan expansion. Rome had already conquered Veii, while Caerae was her long-standing ally, absorbed into the Roman state in 353 BC. The remaining Etruscan cities fought a series of wars with Rome until the definitive defeat in two battles at Lake Vadimon, in 282 and 281.
The "Etrusci" faction includes the northern Etruscan states which historically were more reluctant to contrast the Roman expansion; they retained their own autonomy and identity longer than the southern cities.
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/981/etrusci012ul.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=etrusci012ul.jpg)
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/1194/etrusci024fn.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=etrusci024fn.jpg)
settlements:
Arretium (Ager Arretiunus)
Volaterrae (Ager Volaterranus)
Rusellae (Ager Rusellanus et Vetuloniensis)
Populonia (Ager Populoniensis)
Fesulae (Ager Fesulanus)
Pisae (Ager Pisanus)
- INSUBRES
The Insubrians were the most powerful celtic people of Gallia Cisalpina (Cisalpine Gaul). They established a large empire north of the Po including a great part of the celtic and mixed Celto-Ligurian tribes of the area. The capital of the Insubrians was Mediolanum (modern Milan). Despite their defeat at Clastidium (modern Casteggio) by Roman forces in 222 BC, they continued to be troublesome and aided the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War (218–201 BC). The Insubrians were finally subdued in 196 BC and gradually lost their identity in the rise of municipal communities.
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/5539/insubres0jq.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=insubres0jq.jpg)
settlements:
Mediolanium (Ager Mediolaniensis)
Acerrae (Ager Acerranus)
Laus (Ager Lautinus)
Comum (Ager Comensis
Vercellae (Ager Lebicorum et Vertacomacororum)
Ticinum (Ager Laevorum et Maricorum)
- ITALIOTAE
The indipendent Greek poleis of Magna Graecia were grouped in the Italiot League. Around 350 Tarentum emerged as the most powerful Greek state in the area and was at the head of the Greek cities of southern Italy against the Oscan peoples of the area like the Samnites, Bruttians and Lucanians, aiming also to expand into Apulia against the Messapians and Apulians. After 350 BC Tarentum relied greatly on foreign condottieri like Alexander (the Molossian), Kleonymos and finally Pyrrhos.
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/7045/italiotae018hb.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=italiotae018hb.jpg)
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/6274/italiotae023yw.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=italiotae023yw.jpg)
settlements:
Tarentum (Ager Tarentinus)
Rhegium (Ager Rheginus)
Locri Epizephyrii (Locris)
Croton (Ager Crotoniensis)
Thurii (Thurinum)
Heraclea (Ager Heracleensis)
- LIGURES
The Ligurians, a fierce and rude warrior people of the northern Appennine mountains, were grouped in several tribal confederations. They gave their name to Liguria, which once stretched from Northern Italy into southern Gaul. The Ligures inhabited what now corresponds to Liguria, northern Tuscany, Piedmont, part of Lombardy, and parts of southeastern France.
It is not known for certain whether they were a pre-Indo-European people like the Iberians; a separate Indo-European branch with Italic and Celtic affinities; or even a branch of the Celts.
The Ligures of the Po valley were assimilated by the by the Gauls, producing a Celto-Ligurian culture.
The tribes on the coast developed maritime exchanges with the neighbouring Greek of Marseille and the Etruscan cities.
The Ligurians were famous mercenaries, mainly in Carthaginian service.
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/2726/ligures010it.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=ligures010it.jpg)
https://img359.imageshack.us/img359/7679/ligures022id.th.jpg (https://img359.imageshack.us/my.php?image=ligures022id.jpg)
settlements:
Genua (Ager Genuatium et Veituriorum)
Album Ingaunum (Ager Ingaunorum et Sabatiorum)
Album Intimelium (Ager Intimeliorum)
Segesta Tigulliorum (Ager Tigulliorum)
Luna (Apuania)
Suismontium (Ager Friniatium)
Velleia (Ager Velleiatium et Ilvatium)
Ceba (Ager Epanteriorum)
Carystum (Ager Statiellorum)
- LUCANI
The Lucani formed a League of cities and communities of Oscan origin, but a with very strong Greek influences, produced by the Oscan expansion among the Greek centers of Magna Graecia. Famous Greek cities like Paestum and Elea became part of the Lucanian dominion. The Lucani allied with Rome in 326 BC and against Samnium in 299. Later joined Pyrros and some joined Hannibal.
https://img52.imageshack.us/img52/2994/lucani5yx.th.jpg (https://img52.imageshack.us/my.php?image=lucani5yx.jpg)
settlements:
Potentia (Ager Potentinus)
Paestum (Ager Paestanus)
Pandosia (Ager Pandosianus)
Elea (Ager Eleaticus)
Grumentum (Ager Grumentanus)
Laos (Ager Laotinus)
- MESSAPII
The Messapians were a warlike tribe who inhabited the heel of Italy. They kept their distinctive language and identity despite the strong Oscan and Greek pressures. The Messapii aligned themselves with Samnium while the Apuli allied with Rome in fear of further Oscan pressure from the central highlands. The Messapii thus joined Pyrros.
https://img52.imageshack.us/img52/4783/messapii017hj.th.jpg (https://img52.imageshack.us/my.php?image=messapii017hj.jpg)
https://img529.imageshack.us/img529/8863/messapii024te.th.jpg (https://img529.imageshack.us/my.php?image=messapii024te.jpg)
settlements:
Manduria (Salentum Superior)
Uzentum (Salentum Inferior)
Gnathia (Calabria Superior)
Brundisium (Calabria Media)
Lupiae (Calabria Inferior)
- POENI
Carthage was the largest of the Phoenician cities in Africa, dominating the other Phoenician settlements of Africa, Spain, Sardinia and of the north-western portion of Sicily. She was essentially a commercial and naval power, and her armies usually consisted mostly of mercenaries. Carthaginian citizens, as well as providing officers, would fight themselves in emergencies. In Sicily the Carthaginians were in continuous attrition with Syracusae for the dominion on the whole island.
https://img529.imageshack.us/img529/6214/poeni014cd.th.jpg (https://img529.imageshack.us/my.php?image=poeni014cd.jpg)
https://img219.imageshack.us/img219/411/poeni025zy.th.jpg (https://img219.imageshack.us/my.php?image=poeni025zy.jpg)
https://img220.imageshack.us/img220/2553/poeni039pb.th.jpg (https://img220.imageshack.us/my.php?image=poeni039pb.jpg)
settlements:
Lilybaeum (Ager Lilybaetanus et Ericinus)
Segesta Elymorum (Ager Segestanus)
Selinus (Ager Selinusius)
Panormus (Ager Panormitanus et Soluntinus)
Entella (Ager Entellinus)
Thermae (Ager Himeraeus)
Aleria (Corsica)
Olbia (Sardinia)
- RHAETI
Raetians appear in the records as a group of the most powerful and warlike of the Alpine tribes. Livy states distinctly that they were of Etruscan origin. A tradition reported by Justin and Pliny the Elder affirmed that they were a portion of that people who had settled in the plains of the Po and were driven into the mountains by the invading Gauls, when they assumed the name of "Raetians" from their leader Raetus.
The Raetians spoke a language of the same family of the Etruscan and were strongly influenced by the near Etruscan towns of the Po valley and also by their Celtic neighbours, but a direct derivation from the Etruscans is today rejected. The Raetians formed a loose league of different mountain tribes settled in the north-eastern alpine region. The main center of the region was Tridentum (or Tridente, modern Trento).
https://img220.imageshack.us/img220/6411/rhaeti015rb.th.jpg (https://img220.imageshack.us/my.php?image=rhaeti015rb.jpg)
https://img55.imageshack.us/img55/4280/rhaeti022sv.th.jpg (https://img55.imageshack.us/my.php?image=rhaeti022sv.jpg)
https://img4.imageshack.us/img4/9797/rhaeti036gv.th.jpg (https://img4.imageshack.us/my.php?image=rhaeti036gv.jpg)
settlements:
Tridentum (Ager Tridentinorum et Stoenorum)
Feltria (Ager Feltrinorum et Catubrinorum)
Berua (Ager Breonium et Isarcorum)
Clavenna (Ager Bergaleorum et Vennonetium)
Anaunum (Ager Venostium et Anaunorum)
Edrum (Ager Camunnorum et Trumplinorum)
Velturnum (Ager Genuanium et Focunatium)
Clunia (Ager Caluconium et Sarunatium)
- SABINI
The Sabines were one of the main peoples of central Italy. Their language and culture belonged to a subgroup of the Italic branch and was akin to Oscan and Umbrian. Their original territory, straddling the modern regions of Lazio, Umbria, and Abruzzi, was known as Sabina. The southern portion of their lands in the Tiberine valley received a strong influence by the neighbouring Etruscan culture. The ancient Sabines were in Latium before Rome was founded and many relationships there were between the two peoples, especially regarding religion and mythology. Many Sabine deities and cults found in fact a development in Rome, and many areas of the town were once Sabine centers.
https://img476.imageshack.us/img476/456/sabini7oj.th.jpg (https://img476.imageshack.us/my.php?image=sabini7oj.jpg)
settlements:
Cures (Sabina Tiberina)
Reatae (Sabina Velina)
Amiternum (Sabina Interior)
Nursia (Ager Nursinus)
Interamnium (Ager Praetutianus)
- SAMNITES
The Samnites were the largest and most important Oscan nation, a league of four tribes, the Pentri, Caudini, Hirpini and Carricini. They fought in alliance with various Italian peoples, even with Rome in 340. The Samnites became involved in a series of wars with Rome from 343 to 290, and were by far Rome's most formidable Italian foe. Later the Samnites joined Pyrrhos' coalition, but stayed in arms longer than Pyrrhos did (284-272). Many later joined Hannibal.
https://img4.imageshack.us/img4/4628/samnites013hl.th.jpg (https://img4.imageshack.us/my.php?image=samnites013hl.jpg)
https://img4.imageshack.us/img4/2271/samnites025lb.th.jpg (https://img4.imageshack.us/my.php?image=samnites025lb.jpg)
settlements:
Bovianum (Ager Pentricus Inferior)
Aufidena (Ager Pentricus Superior)
Maluentum (Ager Hirpinus Superior)
Aquilonia (Ager Hirpinus Inferior)
Caudium (Ager Caudinus)
Cluviae (Ager Carricinus)
Teanum Sidicinum (Ager Sidicinus)
- SENONES
The celtic Senones about 400 B.C. made their way over the Alps and settled on the eastern coast of Italy from Ariminum to Ancona, in the so-called ager Gallicus, and founded the town of Sena Gallica (Senigaglia), which became their capital. They received very strong cultural influences from their Italic neighbours and become the most Italicized of the Celtic tribes. In 391 they invaded Etruria and besieged Clusium, defeated the Romans at the Allia (18 July 390) and then captured Rome. For more than 100 years the Senones were engaged in hostilities with the Romans, until they were finally subdued (283) by P. Cornelius Dolabella and driven out of their territory. Nothing more is heard of them in Italy.
https://img4.imageshack.us/img4/1572/senones3yy.th.jpg (https://img4.imageshack.us/my.php?image=senones3yy.jpg)
settlements:
Sena Gallica (Ager Senesis)
Ariminum (Ager Ariminensis)
Pisaurum (Ager Pisaurensis)
Ancona (Picenum Superior)
- SPQR
After the Defeat of the Aequi (431), the conquest of the Etruscan city of Veii (396), and the definitive submission of the Latins, Aurunci, Volsci, Hernici and the Campani of Capua (340-337), Rome was ready to emerge as unidsputed master of the history of Italy. But more powerful enemies were still around to contend the dominion on the whole peninsula.
https://img363.imageshack.us/img363/896/spqr018bi.th.jpg (https://img363.imageshack.us/my.php?image=spqr018bi.jpg)
https://img363.imageshack.us/img363/2577/spqr022xt.th.jpg (https://img363.imageshack.us/my.php?image=spqr022xt.jpg)
settlements:
Roma (Latium Vetus)
Caerae (Ager Caeritanus et Veiens)
Antium (Ager Volscus)
Anagnia (Hernicum)
Carseoli (Ager Aequicus)
Fundi (Ager Auruncus)
Capua (Ager Campanus et Falernus)
- SYRACUSAE
Chief of the Greek cities of Sicily, Syracuse alternated short-lived democratic and oligarchic regimes with autocracies. Tyrants were able to gain and keep power because of the need for strong authority to organise resistance to Carthage, and often dominated the other Sicilian cities. Most successful of the tyrants of the era was Agathokles, who ruled from 317 to 289. Hieron took Syracusae into alliance with Rome in the first Punic war.
https://img359.imageshack.us/img359/5110/syracusae9hx.th.jpg (https://img359.imageshack.us/my.php?image=syracusae9hx.jpg)
settlements:
Syracusae (Ager Syracusanus)
Messana (Ager Fretensis)
Catana (Ager Aetneus)
Leontini (Ager Leontinus)
Camarina (Ager Camarinensis)
Tyndaris (Ager Tyndaritanus)
- Tusci (Etruscans cities of southern Etruria)
Etruria was a league, traditionally of 12 cities. This was mainly a religious association, with its federal centre at the temple of Voltumna in Volsinii (modern Orvieto). Politically the various cities mostly pursued their own courses, but occasionally managed to unite for war under the auspices of the league. The Guals overran the Etruscan cities in the Po valley about 400, and also the southern Etruscan dominion in Campania went lost due the Oscan expansion. Rome had already conquered Veii, while Caerae was her long-standing ally, absorbed into the Roman state in 353 BC. The remaining Etruscan cities fought a series of wars with Rome until the definitive defeat in two battles at Lake Vadimon, in 282 and 281.
The "Tusci" faction covers the southern and tiberine etruscan cities which were the most active to fight the Romans but the first to fell and to loose their identity.
https://img359.imageshack.us/img359/6818/tusci9fy.th.jpg (https://img359.imageshack.us/my.php?image=tusci9fy.jpg)
settlements:
Tarquinii (Ager Tarquiniensis)
Volsinii (Ager Volsiniensis)
Vulci (Ager Vulcitanus)
Falerii (Ager Faliscus)
Clusium (Ager Clusinus)
Perusia (Ager Perusinus)
Cortona (Ager Cortonensis)
- UMBRI
The Umbrians, one of the chief constituent stocks of the Italian nation have been an Aryan people closely related with the Oscans and in a remoter degree with the Latins. Umbri are to be identified with the creators of the Villanovian culture. In historical times the Umbrians inhabited the region between the western bank of the Tiber and the Appenines, but in the early days of Italian history Umbria may be taken as having extended over the greater part of northern and central Italy. The Umbrians received strong cultural influences by the neighbouring Etruscans, but kept their distinctive language and identity.
https://img359.imageshack.us/img359/6676/umbri011jz.th.jpg (https://img359.imageshack.us/my.php?image=umbri011jz.jpg)
https://img359.imageshack.us/img359/3342/umbri028tx.th.jpg (https://img359.imageshack.us/my.php?image=umbri028tx.jpg)
settlements:
Iguvium (Umbria Media)
Tuder (Umbria Tiberina Inferior)
Camerinum (Umbria Orientalis)
Interamna Nahartium (Umbria Nahars)
Tifernum Tiberinum (Umbria Tiberina Superior)
Sarsina (Umbria Sapina et Casuentum)
- VENETI
The Venetics were an indoeuropean population related to the Latins, who settled in the northern coast of the Adriatic about 1000 BC, driving northwards a pre-indoeuropen nation referred as Euganei.
They spoke the Venetic, a language somewhat close to the Latin. They established continuous trading with the Greeks thruogh the Adriatic sea. Traditionally loyal friends and allies of the Romans, they seem to had developed a prototype of the manipular combat system similar to the one later adopted by the Romans.
https://img359.imageshack.us/img359/4634/veneti6tn.th.jpg (https://img359.imageshack.us/my.php?image=veneti6tn.jpg)
settlements:
Ateste (Ager Atestinus)
Patavium (Ager Patavinus)
Altinum (Ager Altinas)
Tarvisium (Ager Tarvisianus)
Vicetia (Ager Vicetinus)
Opitergium (Ager Opiterginus)
Concordia Sagittaria (Venetia Orientalis)
- REBELS
settlements:
Clastidium (Ager Anamaris) subfaction Anamares
Misa (Ager Misanus) subfaction Ligures
Cemenellum (Ager Montanorum) subfaction Ligures
Hasta (Ager Eburiatium) subfaction Ligures
Bagienna (Ager Bagiennorum) subfaction Ligures
Oscela (Ager Lepontiorum) subfaction Lepontii
Taurasia (Ager Taurinorum) subfaction Taurisci
Segusium (Ager Segusianus) subfaction Taurisci
Canava (Ager Salassorum) subfaction Taurisci
Ictimula (Ager Victimuliorum et Agonium) subfaction Taurisci
Adria (Ager Adrianus) subfaction Lingones
Spina (Ager Spineticus) subfaction Lingones
Ravenna (Ager Ravennatis) subfaction Lingones
Nesactium (Histria) subfaction Histri
Osopum (Carnia) subfaction Carni
Asculum Picenum (Picenum Inferior) subfaction Picentes
Firmum (Picenum Interior) subfaction Picentes
Corfinium (Ager Paelignus et Marrucinus) subfaction Sabelli
Marruvium (Ager Marsicus) subfaction Sabelli
Pinna (Ager Vestinus) subfaction Sabelli
Ortona (Ager Frentanus Superior) subfaction Sabelli
Larinum (Ager Frentanus Inferior) subfaction Sabelli
Ouessa (Sicania Interior) subfaction Sicani
Henna (Sicilia Interior) subfaction Siculi
Halaesa (Ager Nebrodaeus) subfaction Graeci
Gela (Ager Gelous) subfaction Greaci
Agrigentum (Ager Acragantinus) subfaction Graeci
Nicaea (Ager Nicaeensis) subfaction Graeci
Neapolis (Ager Neapolitanus et Nolanus) subfaction Osci
Nuceria Alfaterna (Ager Alfaternus) subfaction Osci
...OUR TEAM
PROJECT DIRECTOR
- Luciano B
MAP-MAKING
- Luciano B
SCRIPTS
- SigniferOne
ANIMATIONS
- SigniferOne
CODING
- Luciano B
- Mylae
MODELLERS
- Luciano B
SKINNERS
- Teucer
- Luciano B
2D GRAPHICS
- Pertinax
- Mylae
OTHER HISTORICAL ADVICERS
- Mylae
- Publio-Fabio-Atinio
- Il Persiano
- Pretoriano
THANKS TO:
- Lusted
- Prometheus
- Rorarii
If you would like to help and collaborate in the project contact me via PM.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
This historical mod covers the great struggles for supremacy in Italy in the timeframe 333BC - 222BC.
After the Defeat of the Aequi, the conquest of the Etruscan city of Veii and the definitive submission of the Latins, Aurunci, Volsci, Hernici and the Campani of Capua, Rome emerged as one of the main powers in Italy ready to engage the other nations for the supremacy on the peninsula.
With the great invasion of the IV century BC some of the most warlike tribes among the Celtic nations settled in northern Italy; the surviving Etruscan cities, after the setback of the previous years, found the way for a more effective collaboration to contrast their foes. In the highlands of central and southern Italy the strong Italic nations were at the top of their power, expanding at expense of the Greek poleis of the old "Magna Graecia".
In the heel of Italy Alexander of Epirus, uncle of Alexander the Great, has just landed in help of the rich Greek town of Tarentum, aiming to emulate the achievements of his nephew; in the meantime the powerful Greek Syracusae is in continuous attrition with Carthage to control the rich lands of Sicily.
THE FACTIONS
- APULI
Apulia was inhabited by different tribes known in ancient times as Iapyges (or Iapygi). The Iapyges contained in origin a strong Illyrian element. By the mid 4th century the tribes of the Dauni and Peucetii together with Oscan immigrants are found grouped as Apuli, with a mixed, rich culture strongly influenced by the Greeks.
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/9738/apuli012pz.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=apuli012pz.jpg)
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/2747/apuli025ae.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=apuli025ae.jpg)
settlements:
Arpi (Daunia Inferior)
Teanum Apulum (Daunia Superior)
Barium (Peucetia Inferior)
Canusium (Peucetia Superior)
Silvium (Peucetia Interior)
- BOII
A Celtic tribe, one section of which settled in Cisalpine Gaul around Bononia (Bologna, the previously Etruscan Felsina) and another in what was later Bohemia, to which it gave its name. The Cisalpine group, after struggling against the Romans throughout the 3rd century BC, was subdued and driven out from Italy. An argument can be made for an early intermixing with Etruscans who inhabited the towns of the Po valley, which produced a sort of contamination of the original culture which then showed many Etruscan influences.
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/7492/boii016lt.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=boii016lt.jpg)
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/3013/boii022ws.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=boii022ws.jpg)
settlements:
Bononia (Ager Bononiensis)
Mutina (Ager Mutiniensis)
Parma (Ager Parmensis)
Placentia (Ager Placentinus)
- BRETTII
The Bretti (or Bruttii) were an indigenous tribe from the mountain regions of Calabria who had been conquered and Oscanised by the Lucani. In 356 BC they rebelled and set up their own indipendent league, which conquered some of the coastal Greek cities. They fought Tarentum, sometimes allied with the Lucani and sided successively with Pyrrhos and Hannibal. The records report the Brettii like an indomitable warrior nation.
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/1065/brettii6br.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=brettii6br.jpg)
settlements:
Consentia (Ager Consentinus)
Acherontia (Ager Acherontianus)
Petelia (Ager Petelianus)
Hipponion (Ager Hipponiensis)
Clampetia (Ager Clampetianus)
Terina (Ager Terinaeus)
- CENOMANI
The Cenomani were a branch of the Celtic Aulerci tribe. About 400 BC, under the leadership of Elitovius, a large number of the Cenomani crossed into Italy, drove the Etruscans southwards from their dominion north of the Po, and occupied the territory form the river to the eastern Alps. Livy gives their chief towns at Brixia (Brescia) and Verona. The Cenomani nearly always appear in history as loyal friends and allies of the Romans, whom they assisted in the Gallic War (225 BC), when the Boii and Insubres took up arms against Rome, and during the war against Hannibal. They certainly joined in the revolt of the Gauls under Hamilcar (200 BC), but after they had been defeated by the consul Gaius Cornelius (197 BC) they finally submitted.
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/5472/cenomani8hi.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=cenomani8hi.jpg)
settlements:
Brixia (Ager Brixianus)
Verona (Ager Veronensis)
Mantua (Ager Mantuanus)
Bergomum (Ager Bergomatis)
- ETRUSCI (Etruscans of the northern cities)
Etruria was a league, traditionally of 12 cities. This was mainly a religious association, with its federal centre at the temple of Voltumna in Volsinii (Orvieto). Politically the various cities mostly pursued their own courses, but occasionally managed to unite for war under the auspices of the league. The Guals overran the Etruscan cities in the Po valley about 400, and also the southern Etruscan dominion in Campania went lost due the Oscan expansion. Rome had already conquered Veii, while Caerae was her long-standing ally, absorbed into the Roman state in 353 BC. The remaining Etruscan cities fought a series of wars with Rome until the definitive defeat in two battles at Lake Vadimon, in 282 and 281.
The "Etrusci" faction includes the northern Etruscan states which historically were more reluctant to contrast the Roman expansion; they retained their own autonomy and identity longer than the southern cities.
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/981/etrusci012ul.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=etrusci012ul.jpg)
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/1194/etrusci024fn.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=etrusci024fn.jpg)
settlements:
Arretium (Ager Arretiunus)
Volaterrae (Ager Volaterranus)
Rusellae (Ager Rusellanus et Vetuloniensis)
Populonia (Ager Populoniensis)
Fesulae (Ager Fesulanus)
Pisae (Ager Pisanus)
- INSUBRES
The Insubrians were the most powerful celtic people of Gallia Cisalpina (Cisalpine Gaul). They established a large empire north of the Po including a great part of the celtic and mixed Celto-Ligurian tribes of the area. The capital of the Insubrians was Mediolanum (modern Milan). Despite their defeat at Clastidium (modern Casteggio) by Roman forces in 222 BC, they continued to be troublesome and aided the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War (218–201 BC). The Insubrians were finally subdued in 196 BC and gradually lost their identity in the rise of municipal communities.
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/5539/insubres0jq.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=insubres0jq.jpg)
settlements:
Mediolanium (Ager Mediolaniensis)
Acerrae (Ager Acerranus)
Laus (Ager Lautinus)
Comum (Ager Comensis
Vercellae (Ager Lebicorum et Vertacomacororum)
Ticinum (Ager Laevorum et Maricorum)
- ITALIOTAE
The indipendent Greek poleis of Magna Graecia were grouped in the Italiot League. Around 350 Tarentum emerged as the most powerful Greek state in the area and was at the head of the Greek cities of southern Italy against the Oscan peoples of the area like the Samnites, Bruttians and Lucanians, aiming also to expand into Apulia against the Messapians and Apulians. After 350 BC Tarentum relied greatly on foreign condottieri like Alexander (the Molossian), Kleonymos and finally Pyrrhos.
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/7045/italiotae018hb.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=italiotae018hb.jpg)
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/6274/italiotae023yw.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=italiotae023yw.jpg)
settlements:
Tarentum (Ager Tarentinus)
Rhegium (Ager Rheginus)
Locri Epizephyrii (Locris)
Croton (Ager Crotoniensis)
Thurii (Thurinum)
Heraclea (Ager Heracleensis)
- LIGURES
The Ligurians, a fierce and rude warrior people of the northern Appennine mountains, were grouped in several tribal confederations. They gave their name to Liguria, which once stretched from Northern Italy into southern Gaul. The Ligures inhabited what now corresponds to Liguria, northern Tuscany, Piedmont, part of Lombardy, and parts of southeastern France.
It is not known for certain whether they were a pre-Indo-European people like the Iberians; a separate Indo-European branch with Italic and Celtic affinities; or even a branch of the Celts.
The Ligures of the Po valley were assimilated by the by the Gauls, producing a Celto-Ligurian culture.
The tribes on the coast developed maritime exchanges with the neighbouring Greek of Marseille and the Etruscan cities.
The Ligurians were famous mercenaries, mainly in Carthaginian service.
https://img356.imageshack.us/img356/2726/ligures010it.th.jpg (https://img356.imageshack.us/my.php?image=ligures010it.jpg)
https://img359.imageshack.us/img359/7679/ligures022id.th.jpg (https://img359.imageshack.us/my.php?image=ligures022id.jpg)
settlements:
Genua (Ager Genuatium et Veituriorum)
Album Ingaunum (Ager Ingaunorum et Sabatiorum)
Album Intimelium (Ager Intimeliorum)
Segesta Tigulliorum (Ager Tigulliorum)
Luna (Apuania)
Suismontium (Ager Friniatium)
Velleia (Ager Velleiatium et Ilvatium)
Ceba (Ager Epanteriorum)
Carystum (Ager Statiellorum)
- LUCANI
The Lucani formed a League of cities and communities of Oscan origin, but a with very strong Greek influences, produced by the Oscan expansion among the Greek centers of Magna Graecia. Famous Greek cities like Paestum and Elea became part of the Lucanian dominion. The Lucani allied with Rome in 326 BC and against Samnium in 299. Later joined Pyrros and some joined Hannibal.
https://img52.imageshack.us/img52/2994/lucani5yx.th.jpg (https://img52.imageshack.us/my.php?image=lucani5yx.jpg)
settlements:
Potentia (Ager Potentinus)
Paestum (Ager Paestanus)
Pandosia (Ager Pandosianus)
Elea (Ager Eleaticus)
Grumentum (Ager Grumentanus)
Laos (Ager Laotinus)
- MESSAPII
The Messapians were a warlike tribe who inhabited the heel of Italy. They kept their distinctive language and identity despite the strong Oscan and Greek pressures. The Messapii aligned themselves with Samnium while the Apuli allied with Rome in fear of further Oscan pressure from the central highlands. The Messapii thus joined Pyrros.
https://img52.imageshack.us/img52/4783/messapii017hj.th.jpg (https://img52.imageshack.us/my.php?image=messapii017hj.jpg)
https://img529.imageshack.us/img529/8863/messapii024te.th.jpg (https://img529.imageshack.us/my.php?image=messapii024te.jpg)
settlements:
Manduria (Salentum Superior)
Uzentum (Salentum Inferior)
Gnathia (Calabria Superior)
Brundisium (Calabria Media)
Lupiae (Calabria Inferior)
- POENI
Carthage was the largest of the Phoenician cities in Africa, dominating the other Phoenician settlements of Africa, Spain, Sardinia and of the north-western portion of Sicily. She was essentially a commercial and naval power, and her armies usually consisted mostly of mercenaries. Carthaginian citizens, as well as providing officers, would fight themselves in emergencies. In Sicily the Carthaginians were in continuous attrition with Syracusae for the dominion on the whole island.
https://img529.imageshack.us/img529/6214/poeni014cd.th.jpg (https://img529.imageshack.us/my.php?image=poeni014cd.jpg)
https://img219.imageshack.us/img219/411/poeni025zy.th.jpg (https://img219.imageshack.us/my.php?image=poeni025zy.jpg)
https://img220.imageshack.us/img220/2553/poeni039pb.th.jpg (https://img220.imageshack.us/my.php?image=poeni039pb.jpg)
settlements:
Lilybaeum (Ager Lilybaetanus et Ericinus)
Segesta Elymorum (Ager Segestanus)
Selinus (Ager Selinusius)
Panormus (Ager Panormitanus et Soluntinus)
Entella (Ager Entellinus)
Thermae (Ager Himeraeus)
Aleria (Corsica)
Olbia (Sardinia)
- RHAETI
Raetians appear in the records as a group of the most powerful and warlike of the Alpine tribes. Livy states distinctly that they were of Etruscan origin. A tradition reported by Justin and Pliny the Elder affirmed that they were a portion of that people who had settled in the plains of the Po and were driven into the mountains by the invading Gauls, when they assumed the name of "Raetians" from their leader Raetus.
The Raetians spoke a language of the same family of the Etruscan and were strongly influenced by the near Etruscan towns of the Po valley and also by their Celtic neighbours, but a direct derivation from the Etruscans is today rejected. The Raetians formed a loose league of different mountain tribes settled in the north-eastern alpine region. The main center of the region was Tridentum (or Tridente, modern Trento).
https://img220.imageshack.us/img220/6411/rhaeti015rb.th.jpg (https://img220.imageshack.us/my.php?image=rhaeti015rb.jpg)
https://img55.imageshack.us/img55/4280/rhaeti022sv.th.jpg (https://img55.imageshack.us/my.php?image=rhaeti022sv.jpg)
https://img4.imageshack.us/img4/9797/rhaeti036gv.th.jpg (https://img4.imageshack.us/my.php?image=rhaeti036gv.jpg)
settlements:
Tridentum (Ager Tridentinorum et Stoenorum)
Feltria (Ager Feltrinorum et Catubrinorum)
Berua (Ager Breonium et Isarcorum)
Clavenna (Ager Bergaleorum et Vennonetium)
Anaunum (Ager Venostium et Anaunorum)
Edrum (Ager Camunnorum et Trumplinorum)
Velturnum (Ager Genuanium et Focunatium)
Clunia (Ager Caluconium et Sarunatium)
- SABINI
The Sabines were one of the main peoples of central Italy. Their language and culture belonged to a subgroup of the Italic branch and was akin to Oscan and Umbrian. Their original territory, straddling the modern regions of Lazio, Umbria, and Abruzzi, was known as Sabina. The southern portion of their lands in the Tiberine valley received a strong influence by the neighbouring Etruscan culture. The ancient Sabines were in Latium before Rome was founded and many relationships there were between the two peoples, especially regarding religion and mythology. Many Sabine deities and cults found in fact a development in Rome, and many areas of the town were once Sabine centers.
https://img476.imageshack.us/img476/456/sabini7oj.th.jpg (https://img476.imageshack.us/my.php?image=sabini7oj.jpg)
settlements:
Cures (Sabina Tiberina)
Reatae (Sabina Velina)
Amiternum (Sabina Interior)
Nursia (Ager Nursinus)
Interamnium (Ager Praetutianus)
- SAMNITES
The Samnites were the largest and most important Oscan nation, a league of four tribes, the Pentri, Caudini, Hirpini and Carricini. They fought in alliance with various Italian peoples, even with Rome in 340. The Samnites became involved in a series of wars with Rome from 343 to 290, and were by far Rome's most formidable Italian foe. Later the Samnites joined Pyrrhos' coalition, but stayed in arms longer than Pyrrhos did (284-272). Many later joined Hannibal.
https://img4.imageshack.us/img4/4628/samnites013hl.th.jpg (https://img4.imageshack.us/my.php?image=samnites013hl.jpg)
https://img4.imageshack.us/img4/2271/samnites025lb.th.jpg (https://img4.imageshack.us/my.php?image=samnites025lb.jpg)
settlements:
Bovianum (Ager Pentricus Inferior)
Aufidena (Ager Pentricus Superior)
Maluentum (Ager Hirpinus Superior)
Aquilonia (Ager Hirpinus Inferior)
Caudium (Ager Caudinus)
Cluviae (Ager Carricinus)
Teanum Sidicinum (Ager Sidicinus)
- SENONES
The celtic Senones about 400 B.C. made their way over the Alps and settled on the eastern coast of Italy from Ariminum to Ancona, in the so-called ager Gallicus, and founded the town of Sena Gallica (Senigaglia), which became their capital. They received very strong cultural influences from their Italic neighbours and become the most Italicized of the Celtic tribes. In 391 they invaded Etruria and besieged Clusium, defeated the Romans at the Allia (18 July 390) and then captured Rome. For more than 100 years the Senones were engaged in hostilities with the Romans, until they were finally subdued (283) by P. Cornelius Dolabella and driven out of their territory. Nothing more is heard of them in Italy.
https://img4.imageshack.us/img4/1572/senones3yy.th.jpg (https://img4.imageshack.us/my.php?image=senones3yy.jpg)
settlements:
Sena Gallica (Ager Senesis)
Ariminum (Ager Ariminensis)
Pisaurum (Ager Pisaurensis)
Ancona (Picenum Superior)
- SPQR
After the Defeat of the Aequi (431), the conquest of the Etruscan city of Veii (396), and the definitive submission of the Latins, Aurunci, Volsci, Hernici and the Campani of Capua (340-337), Rome was ready to emerge as unidsputed master of the history of Italy. But more powerful enemies were still around to contend the dominion on the whole peninsula.
https://img363.imageshack.us/img363/896/spqr018bi.th.jpg (https://img363.imageshack.us/my.php?image=spqr018bi.jpg)
https://img363.imageshack.us/img363/2577/spqr022xt.th.jpg (https://img363.imageshack.us/my.php?image=spqr022xt.jpg)
settlements:
Roma (Latium Vetus)
Caerae (Ager Caeritanus et Veiens)
Antium (Ager Volscus)
Anagnia (Hernicum)
Carseoli (Ager Aequicus)
Fundi (Ager Auruncus)
Capua (Ager Campanus et Falernus)
- SYRACUSAE
Chief of the Greek cities of Sicily, Syracuse alternated short-lived democratic and oligarchic regimes with autocracies. Tyrants were able to gain and keep power because of the need for strong authority to organise resistance to Carthage, and often dominated the other Sicilian cities. Most successful of the tyrants of the era was Agathokles, who ruled from 317 to 289. Hieron took Syracusae into alliance with Rome in the first Punic war.
https://img359.imageshack.us/img359/5110/syracusae9hx.th.jpg (https://img359.imageshack.us/my.php?image=syracusae9hx.jpg)
settlements:
Syracusae (Ager Syracusanus)
Messana (Ager Fretensis)
Catana (Ager Aetneus)
Leontini (Ager Leontinus)
Camarina (Ager Camarinensis)
Tyndaris (Ager Tyndaritanus)
- Tusci (Etruscans cities of southern Etruria)
Etruria was a league, traditionally of 12 cities. This was mainly a religious association, with its federal centre at the temple of Voltumna in Volsinii (modern Orvieto). Politically the various cities mostly pursued their own courses, but occasionally managed to unite for war under the auspices of the league. The Guals overran the Etruscan cities in the Po valley about 400, and also the southern Etruscan dominion in Campania went lost due the Oscan expansion. Rome had already conquered Veii, while Caerae was her long-standing ally, absorbed into the Roman state in 353 BC. The remaining Etruscan cities fought a series of wars with Rome until the definitive defeat in two battles at Lake Vadimon, in 282 and 281.
The "Tusci" faction covers the southern and tiberine etruscan cities which were the most active to fight the Romans but the first to fell and to loose their identity.
https://img359.imageshack.us/img359/6818/tusci9fy.th.jpg (https://img359.imageshack.us/my.php?image=tusci9fy.jpg)
settlements:
Tarquinii (Ager Tarquiniensis)
Volsinii (Ager Volsiniensis)
Vulci (Ager Vulcitanus)
Falerii (Ager Faliscus)
Clusium (Ager Clusinus)
Perusia (Ager Perusinus)
Cortona (Ager Cortonensis)
- UMBRI
The Umbrians, one of the chief constituent stocks of the Italian nation have been an Aryan people closely related with the Oscans and in a remoter degree with the Latins. Umbri are to be identified with the creators of the Villanovian culture. In historical times the Umbrians inhabited the region between the western bank of the Tiber and the Appenines, but in the early days of Italian history Umbria may be taken as having extended over the greater part of northern and central Italy. The Umbrians received strong cultural influences by the neighbouring Etruscans, but kept their distinctive language and identity.
https://img359.imageshack.us/img359/6676/umbri011jz.th.jpg (https://img359.imageshack.us/my.php?image=umbri011jz.jpg)
https://img359.imageshack.us/img359/3342/umbri028tx.th.jpg (https://img359.imageshack.us/my.php?image=umbri028tx.jpg)
settlements:
Iguvium (Umbria Media)
Tuder (Umbria Tiberina Inferior)
Camerinum (Umbria Orientalis)
Interamna Nahartium (Umbria Nahars)
Tifernum Tiberinum (Umbria Tiberina Superior)
Sarsina (Umbria Sapina et Casuentum)
- VENETI
The Venetics were an indoeuropean population related to the Latins, who settled in the northern coast of the Adriatic about 1000 BC, driving northwards a pre-indoeuropen nation referred as Euganei.
They spoke the Venetic, a language somewhat close to the Latin. They established continuous trading with the Greeks thruogh the Adriatic sea. Traditionally loyal friends and allies of the Romans, they seem to had developed a prototype of the manipular combat system similar to the one later adopted by the Romans.
https://img359.imageshack.us/img359/4634/veneti6tn.th.jpg (https://img359.imageshack.us/my.php?image=veneti6tn.jpg)
settlements:
Ateste (Ager Atestinus)
Patavium (Ager Patavinus)
Altinum (Ager Altinas)
Tarvisium (Ager Tarvisianus)
Vicetia (Ager Vicetinus)
Opitergium (Ager Opiterginus)
Concordia Sagittaria (Venetia Orientalis)
- REBELS
settlements:
Clastidium (Ager Anamaris) subfaction Anamares
Misa (Ager Misanus) subfaction Ligures
Cemenellum (Ager Montanorum) subfaction Ligures
Hasta (Ager Eburiatium) subfaction Ligures
Bagienna (Ager Bagiennorum) subfaction Ligures
Oscela (Ager Lepontiorum) subfaction Lepontii
Taurasia (Ager Taurinorum) subfaction Taurisci
Segusium (Ager Segusianus) subfaction Taurisci
Canava (Ager Salassorum) subfaction Taurisci
Ictimula (Ager Victimuliorum et Agonium) subfaction Taurisci
Adria (Ager Adrianus) subfaction Lingones
Spina (Ager Spineticus) subfaction Lingones
Ravenna (Ager Ravennatis) subfaction Lingones
Nesactium (Histria) subfaction Histri
Osopum (Carnia) subfaction Carni
Asculum Picenum (Picenum Inferior) subfaction Picentes
Firmum (Picenum Interior) subfaction Picentes
Corfinium (Ager Paelignus et Marrucinus) subfaction Sabelli
Marruvium (Ager Marsicus) subfaction Sabelli
Pinna (Ager Vestinus) subfaction Sabelli
Ortona (Ager Frentanus Superior) subfaction Sabelli
Larinum (Ager Frentanus Inferior) subfaction Sabelli
Ouessa (Sicania Interior) subfaction Sicani
Henna (Sicilia Interior) subfaction Siculi
Halaesa (Ager Nebrodaeus) subfaction Graeci
Gela (Ager Gelous) subfaction Greaci
Agrigentum (Ager Acragantinus) subfaction Graeci
Nicaea (Ager Nicaeensis) subfaction Graeci
Neapolis (Ager Neapolitanus et Nolanus) subfaction Osci
Nuceria Alfaterna (Ager Alfaternus) subfaction Osci
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