Britannia Divided: Factions

Dál Riatans

Difficulty: Fairly Hard

The Dál Riatans, or the Scots, occupy a precarious position of territories found in North Ireland and Western Isles of Caledonia and Pictland. Their lands can not support vast armies and the will have to rely on the lie of the land. However, it would be foolish to attempt to attack more than one enemy at a time.

Initial Strategy:
1. Consolidate and strengthen borders with hostile neighbours.
2. Gain a landlocked province to protect from potential Viking invasions.

Positive:
a. Fearsome infantry
b. Multiple starting Provinces

Negative:
a. Territories are poor
b. Surrounded by enemies
c. May have to fight a war on multiple fronts

Unit List:

Cavalry:

Guirranmor
These are the Dál Riatan equivalent of Knights and are well trained and equipped. The Dál Riatans did not often use heavy cavalry, but they provide an excellent and powerful reserve. Their patron Lord would provide them with the best arms and armour in the land.

Guirran
These men stick to the normal Gaelic way of war, acting as mobile skirmishers harassing enemies with their javelins. They are decently trained and can flank or run down routing enemies.

Ceirrana
These men are not trained cavalry in anyway. They are simply the cavalry of local militias armed with only a club and used for scouting and messenger duties. At best they can flank enemies to provide some use, but cannot be expected to stay in the fight long.

Infantry:

Deaisbard
Deaisbard are the private bodyguard of chieftains, with excellent equipment and training. On top of this they were well-educated to act as aides in peacetime and expected to assist in ceremonies.

Arras
Arras are nobles, but may also be wealthy independent landowners, merchants or traders. They have the money to supply themselves and their followers with good arms and armour. They fought in tight formations, with a longish sword, targe, javelins, mail armour and an iron helmet.

Aumabellu
The men of Alba, who would become the Scots, were famed for their longspears. They took influence from the Schiltrons of their northern neighbours, and applied them to their own professional warriors, combining tight formations, long spears and good armour. They were often the bane of any opposition forced to meet them head on in the foothills of their homeland.

Audheran-Laecha
The Gaels of old would often fight naked, but, this is no longer the case since their conversion to Christianity. However, warrior guilds such as the Audheran-Laecha would continue the old traditions by fighting in nothing but cloaks to allow better mobility and agility in battle.

Clansmen Warband
The Gaelic axe, tua, is a very old weapon with a particularly heavy head designed to smash helmets and shields. Men armed with a axe also carried a targe and a few javelins to throw before charging.

Clansmen Warband
Most Dál Riatan soldiers were armed with a slea (spear), a targe and a few throwing spears, and men armed in this manner often formed the backbone of the army. These men are semi-professional soldiers or mercenaries who either bought their equipment or had it supplied by a Lord, and in return they provided service. These men are apt and can hold the line against all but the best of opponents.

Sleaceitherne
In early Dál Riatan Feudal society Ciorns (later kerns) tended to be near the bottom of society. And without much money or fighting ability they would not have had very good equipment and most of the time they were just men called up to serve in a levy. Armed with what little they could afford, usually a spear and a few small javelins or darts.

Ceitherne
In early Dál Riatan Feudal society Ciorns (later kerns) tended to be near the bottom of society. And without much money or fighting ability they would not have had very good equipment and most of the time they were just men called up to serve in a levy. Armed with what little they could afford, usually a club and a few small javelins or darts.

Missile:

Ranasiarda
Unlike other Irish Kingdoms the Dál Riatans came to value the bow as a weapon of war, as the Picts, Celts and Britons would often use it in battle against them. In response, Dál Riata needed semi-professional soldiery to meet and match the agile bowmen of their rivals, however, these are no infantry and should be kept out of harms way.

The Kingdom of Connachta

Difficulty: Hard

The main threat for Connachta is that of the other Irish factions, at least until the Vikings arrive. The only way for expansion will be to acquire the lands of another Irish faction, and possibly become High King of Ireland. These lands are rich, and thus will attract Vikings.

Initial Strategy:
1. Gain alliances with other Irish nations.
2. Only attack one enemy at a time.
3. Use Assassins and Princesses to gain the land of rival Irish factions

Positive:
a. Weak Dal Riatans to the North
b. Strong unique unit

Negative:
a. Lack good archer units
b. Surrounded by enemies
c. Poorest of all the Irish nations

Unit List:

Cavalry:

Guirranmor
These are the Irish equivalent of Knights and are well trained and equipped. The Irish did not often use heavy cavalry, but they provide an excellent and powerful reserve. Their patron Lord would provide them with the best arms and armour in the land.

Tuaguirran
Like other Irish skirmishers these horseman are armed with javelins. However, they can be used as medium cavalry, as they are equipped with long axes with elongated handles allowing for swift mêlée attacks. They have much better mêlée skills and can be expected to stay in the fight for longer than other cavalry.

Guirran
These men stick to the normal Irish way of war, acting as mobile skirmishers harassing enemies with their javelins. They are decently trained and can flank or run down routing enemies.

Ceirrana
These men are not trained cavalry in anyway. They are simply the cavalry of local militias armed with only a club and used for scouting and messenger duties. At best they can flank enemies to provide some use, but cannot be expected to stay in the fight long.

Infantry:

Deaisbard
Deaisbard are the private bodyguard of chieftains, with excellent equipment and training. On top of this they were well-educated to act as aides in peacetime and expected to assist in ceremonies.

Arras
Arras are nobles, but may also be wealthy independent landowners, merchants or traders. They have the money to supply themselves and their followers with good arms and armour. They fought in tight formations, with a longish sword, Irish targe, javelins, mail armour and an iron helmet.

Dinuadda-Claiomhnaghta
Longswords were both rare and expensive in Ireland, but favoured by those who could afford them. These high quality swords were incredibly deadly, and similar to later period claymores, offering a powerful attack while sacrificing a shield for protection.

Curadha
These men are champions skilled in the use of spears, as spears are trustworthy, cheap and easy to use. These champions fight to inspire others by starting chants and forcing holes in the enemy battle line.

Gaemornaghta
These men, although from the poorer aspects of society, are armed with a Gaemor or Gaemhor (great spear), used two-handed like a pike. Deployment of men equipped in this manner became increasingly common for Irish armies so as to counter the increasing use of cavalry on the battlefield. They form a strong anti-infantry and anti-cavalry core in any army.

Claiomhnaghta
These men carry the traditional targe and throwing spears, as well as a claiomh, climh, or clom (sword). These swords were moderately expensive and well crafted, and somewhere between a short and longsword in length, making them wieldy, yet still powerful.

Tuanaghta
The Irish axe, tua, is a very old weapon with a particularly heavy head designed to smash helmets and shields. Men armed with a axe also carried a targe and a few javelins to throw before charging.

Sleanaghta
Most Irish soldiers were armed with a slea (spear), a targe and a few throwing spears, and men armed in this manner often formed the backbone of the army. These men are semi-professional soldiers or mercenaries who either bought their equipment or had it supplied by a Lord, and in return they provide service. These men are apt and can hold the line against all but the best of opponents.

Sleaceitherne
In early Irish Feudal society Ciorns (later kerns) tended to be near the bottom of society. And without much money or fighting ability they would not of had very good equipment and most of the time they were just men called up to serve in a levy. Armed with what little they could afford, usually a spear and a few small javelins or darts.

Ceitherne
In early Irish Feudal society Ciorns (later kerns) tended to be near the bottom of society. And without much money or fighting ability they would not of had very good equipment and most of the time they were just men called up to serve in a levy. Armed with what little they could afford, usually a club and a few small javelins or darts.

Missile:

Maiobhanaghta
The sling maintained some popularity amongst the Irish, as it is cheap and easy to use, with a readily available supply of deadly ammunition (stones or hardened clay). The sling also complimented the Irish style of warfare perfectly, harassing enemies from a distance with deadly force, before melding back into the hills or bogs.

Fiagania
Irish Lords and Kings rarely employ archers in their ranks, as they don't see the value of them. Yet, when they do, they are usually small bands of hunters, who are skilled in the use of their bows. However, they are by no means proficient mêlée fighters, and should be kept out of the main battle line.

Unique:

Fennacuradha
Among the men of Connaghta the axe is a favoured weapon, and for these champions the a long-handled axe is the weapon of choice. The size of their axes and their terrifying presence is truly fearsome. They fought helmetless to strike fear into their enemies, and carried slings so as to ambush enemies when possible.

The Kingdom of East Anglia

Difficulty: Moderate

East Anglia has several powers to contend with, notably Mercia. However, the arrival of the Vikings must be noted. Opportunities to expand will be few and far between for the East Anglians, so with this in mind Essex and London make prime targets; this would open the doors to Kent and Sussex.

Initial Strategy:
1. Place pressure on Essex
2. Avoid war with Mercia

Positive:
a. Rich provinces
b. Well rounded unit options

Negative:
a. Limited army options early on
b. Surrounded by enemies
c. Little opportunity to expand

Unit List:

Cavalry:

Mounted Eorls
Mounted Eorls are the precursor to the medieval Knight. They are well equipped and trained, and less likely to flee the field than more common troops. The combination of their mobility and their fighting skill makes them a very effective medium cavalry, able to engage all but the heaviest opponents.

Eored
Really just a foot warrior on horseback, these scouts add mobility to the battlefield and are good for chasing down routing troops. Although they are unlikely to dominate the battlefield, in the right place at the right time they can turn the tide of battle.

Infantry:

Huscarles
Huscarles are the professional entourage of a King or Noble. In peacetime they act as a bodyguard and personal staff, and in times of war they are the professional spine of the leader's army. They are an elite chosen from the ranks of the Thegns, armed with swords and Dane-axes (axes in this mod).

Thegns
Thegns are the middle class of Saxon society, land-owners who are required to serve their King or Lord in times of crisis for military obligations, the building of fortifications and civilian matters. In return they receive favour and better arms and armour.

Fyrdmen
Fyrdmen are the men of a levied Fyrd. They combine the lower ranks (available for active duty if needed during a legislated number of weeks each year) and more professional troops (retained on duty rather than only called up at a time of crisis). They act as the rank-and-file of Saxon infantry, but have little in terms of protection other than an iron helm.

Ceorls
Ceorls are the freemen of Saxon society, from which the levies of the Fyrd were gathered from mostly. They are armed with a spear and shield, supplied by their local Lord or Thegn.

Hundrademen
A hundrademan is one of a hundred levied by the reeve to defend the local area and act as policemen and wardens. They are most suitable as garrison troops, and can not be expected to act as a strong core of fighting men.

Acerweras
Literally meaning "farmer band", these men hold more status than a Gebur, but are lower than the Ceorls or Cotsetlas. They can be levied into the Fyrd in times of crisis, or when better men are needed at the front. All they take to the fight is the few farming implements they own.

Missile:

Yrweras
Archery is a survival skill: it helps put food on the table, assuming that the archer isn’t hanged as a poacher! Using the same skill in battle can bring down an armoured man, although short bows are not quite as efficient as true war bows.

Unique:

Gywre Mercenaries
The Celtic lands are noted for the fierceness of their warriors, and have been since ancient times. Gywre Mercenaries make very effective light infantry, and give and effective counter against other Celtic units and fast skirmishing units.

The Kingdom of Essex

Difficulty: Fairly Easy

Essex is cramped between Wessex, Mercia and East Anglia, not to mention their lands are open from the invasion of the Vikings. However, the lands of Sussex and Kent lie as easy targets to expand into.

Initial Strategy:
1. Build up a small force and take Sussex
2. Build up Ceorls and Archers and take Kent
3. Possibly expand into Mercia

Positive:
a. Rich Provinces
b. Rebel provinces to expand into
c. Well developed lands

Negative:
a. Limited army options early on
b. Surrounded by aggressive nations

Unit List:

Cavalry:

Mounted Eorls
Mounted Eorls are the precursor to the medieval Knight. They are well equipped and trained, and less likely to flee the field than more common troops. The combination of their mobility and their fighting skill makes them a very effective medium cavalry, able to engage all but the heaviest opponents.

Eored
Really just a foot warrior on horseback, these scouts add mobility to the battlefield and are good for chasing down routing troops. Although they are unlikely to dominate the battlefield, in the right place at the right time they can turn the tide of battle.

Infantry:

Huscarles
Huscarles are the professional entourage of a King or Noble. In peacetime they act as a bodyguard and personal staff, and in times of war they are the professional spine of the leader's army. They are an elite chosen from the ranks of the Thegns, armed with swords and Dane-axes (axes in this mod).

Thegns
Thegns are the middle class of Saxon society, land-owners who are required to serve their King or Lord in times of crisis for military obligations, the building of fortifications and civilian matters. In return they receive favour and better arms and armour.

Fyrdmen
Fyrdmen are the men of a levied Fyrd. They combine the lower ranks (available for active duty if needed during a legislated number of weeks each year) and more professional troops (retained on duty rather than only called up at a time of crisis). They act as the rank-and-file of Saxon infantry, but have little in terms of protection other than an iron helm.

Ceorls
Ceorls are the freemen of Saxon society, from which the levies of the Fyrd were gathered from mostly. They are armed with a spear and shield, supplied by their local Lord or Thegn.

Hundrademen
A hundrademan is one of a hundred levied by the reeve to defend the local area and act as policemen and wardens. They are most suitable as garrison troops, and can not be expected to act as a strong core of fighting men.

Acerweras
Literally meaning "farmer band", these men hold more status than a Gebur, but are lower than the Ceorls or Cotsetlas. They can be levied into the Fyrd in times of crisis, or when better men are needed at the front. All they take to the fight is the few farming implements they own.

Missile:

Yrweras
Archery is a survival skill: it helps put food on the table, assuming that the archer isn’t hanged as a poacher! Using the same skill in battle can bring down an armoured man, although short bows are not quite as efficient as true war bows.

Unique:

Frameaweras
In a Saxon army of Essex, these men form the light skirmishing core. They are little more than Ceorls or Cotsetlas, armed with the Framea (a type of spear), javelins and a round shield.

The Kingdom of Gywnedd

Difficulty: Fairly Hard

Occupying Northern Wales means your lands are poor, but away from the reaches of powerful Anglo-Saxons. However, these lands are less poor than your Welsh rivals Powys. So expansion is entirely the focus of a good King of Gywnedd

Initial Strategy:
1. Train cheap and expendable men to capture several more profitable territories
2. Avoid war with Mercia

Positive:
a. Good Spearmen
b. Lack borders with strong enemies
c. Terrain good for defence

Negative:
a. Territories are poor
b. Territories lack infrastructure

Unit List:

Cavalry:

Teulu
"Family" or the professional Noble bodyguards of Welsh Kings and Chieftains. These warriors rode into battle, despite the rough terrain of Wales, armed and armoured with chain mail, iron helmets, large shields, stabbing spears and swords. This and their experience and training made them near unstoppable.

Marca Gwynedd
The raider cavalry of Gwyenedd is noticeably better suited for the mountainous terrain of Wales. This is probably due to their use of smaller mountain ponies. However, it is not only that but also their use of Irish style axes allows much more mobility than large cumbersome spears.

Marca
Marca make up "fighting line" cavalry of Wales, fighting with their own equipment and horses. They would have to be relatively wealthy to afford a horse, spear, javelins, shield, iron helmet and scale or chain armour.

Marchogluoedd
These are fast and agile scouts. Riding fast horses and equipped with little in terms of armour. They were expected to skirmish and harass the enemy’s flanks, by peppering them with spears and using their speed to manoeuvre behind enemy lines.

Infantry:

Campwyr
Campwyr are champions, battle hardened veterans consisting of both Nobles and the professional soldiery. Their wealth and fame was accumulated through great deeds on the field of battle. As such they can afford large swords and good armour, and this along with their experience makes them fierce opponents.

Rherel
The spear remained in use even among the wealthy, and it was often even used by the retainers of Nobles. Along with their spears they had chain mail, a shield and an iron helmet, all paid for by their Lord.

Bêrfelawyr
Brythons often preferred the spear over other weapons, and this is true of the semi-professional Bêrfelawyr. Armed with a longspear, little armour and a small shield they could effectively act as pikemen. Providing a wall of bristling spear points to deter both enemy cavalry and infantry.

Rhyfelwyrmawr
These are "great warriors" found in Strathclyde and North-Western Wales. These experienced men were armed with good swords, javelins and armour, and would have to take many casualties before turning tail and running.

Bonheddwyr
Free Nobles, the semi-elite of Welsh armies, who would fight as much with their spears, shields and javelins as they would with their taunts, jeers, trumpets and insults.

Gwaywffynabwyr
Gwaywffynabwyr keep alive the ancient warrior culture of the Celts. They fight bare-chested with a spear, a shield and pure Celtic fury.

Milwyr
Milwyr literally means soldiers. These men are professional bands who provide service for their Lord. However, their equipment is mostly paid for by the soldiers themselves; as such they could only afford cudgels, shields and leather armour.

Cartreflu
For Celts all men who were of age were required to fight for their liege Lord, and for most this was seen as a privilege. Most men supplied their own equipment, and were well able to fight. However, these were no professional soldiers.

Fwnmilwyr
The sling is and old and cheap weapon, and was still used by the Celtic peoples of Britain. The simplicity and inexpensiveness of a sling and its ammunition meant it could even be deadly in the hands of the young or the old.

Gwladwrmintai
Gwladwrmintai literally means "farmer troupe", but that is a bit deceiving as these men come from all aspects of the bottom of the social ladder. They are equipped with whatever they could find, home made javelins, spears, knives and they wore no armour. They were only called to battle in the most dire of situations.

Missile:

Arwrweision
Arwrweision or "brave men" have fought in numerous battles. They fight as medium infantry, armed with swords and bows, and are lightly armoured. Yet, it is their morale that makes them deadly.

Saethwrabhyr
Gwent is an incredibly craggy landscape, a land of ambush and archery. Here men, similar to the Rhyfelwyr of other Kingdoms, would be more lightly equipped and given a larger and more powerful bow; a bow that would one day evolve into the longbow.

Rhyfelwyr
The constant wars between individual Welsh Kingdoms perfected many aspects of Welsh warfare. Thus Rhyfelwyr were spawned; medium infantry armed with bows, to enable them to both skirmish and engage enemies in mêlée.

Helwyr
The Welsh had a distinct passion for hunting, skills which could be used in battle. This meant a good huntsman could command some prestige and become relatively rich. Helwyr owned and equipped powerful bows which could kill even the largest of prey.

Saethwyr
Archery was an important aspect of everyday living for Brythonic peoples, with archery being the most common pastime. Even the simplest levied man is a strong threat when armed with a bow and in among the hills and mountains of Wales.

Unique

Bêrfelawyr Merionydd
The spear was a favoured weapon among the Welsh, with the men from Meirionnydd being exceptionally proficient in its use. They carried a longspear and a small shield, which they used to superb effect against their rivals.

The Kingdom of Leinster

Difficulty: Hard

Leinster is cramped into South East Ireland, with the antagonistic Munster on their borders and the relatively peaceful Mide to their North. Assassination coupled with diplomacy will allow the men of Leinster to expand, and become High Kings of Ireland.

Initial Strategy:
1. Avoid a war on multiple fronts
2. Large armies will be key, as the other Irish factions are strong
3. Use Assassins and Princesses to gain the land of rival Irish factions

Positive:
a. Rich Provinces
b. Ability to field better Spearmen

Negative:
a. Lack good archer units
b. Surrounded by enemies
c. Limited missile options

Unit List:

Cavalry:

Guirranmor
These are the Irish equivalent of Knights and are well trained and equipped. The Irish did not often use heavy cavalry, but they provide an excellent and powerful reserve. Their patron Lord would provide them with the best arms and armour in the land.

Tuaguirran
Like other Irish skirmishers these horseman are armed with javelins. However, they can be used as medium cavalry, as they are equipped with long axes with elongated handles allowing for swift mêlée attacks. They have much better mêlée skills and can be expected to stay in the fight for longer than other cavalry.

Guirran
These men stick to the normal Irish way of war, acting as mobile skirmishers harassing enemies with their javelins. They are decently trained and can flank or run down routing enemies.

Ceirrana
These men are not trained cavalry in anyway. They are simply the cavalry of local militias armed with only a club and used for scouting and messenger duties. At best they can flank enemies to provide some use, but cannot be expected to stay in the fight long.

Infantry:

Deaisbard
Deaisbard are the private bodyguard of chieftains, with excellent equipment and training. On top of this they were well-educated to act as aides in peacetime and expected to assist in ceremonies.

Arras
Arras are nobles, but may also be wealthy independent landowners, merchants or traders. They have the money to supply themselves and their followers with good arms and armour. They fought in tight formations, with a longish sword, Irish targe, javelins, mail armour and an iron helmet.

Dinuadda-Claiomhnaghta
Longswords were both rare and expensive in Ireland, but favoured by those who could afford them. These high quality swords were incredibly deadly, and similar to later period claymores, offering a powerful attack while sacrificing a shield for protection.

Curadha
These men are champions skilled in the use of spears, as spears are trustworthy, cheap and easy to use. These champions fight to inspire others by starting chants and forcing holes in the enemy battle line.

Gaemornaghta
These men, although from the poorer aspects of society, are armed with a Gaemor or Gaemhor (great spear), used two-handed like a pike. Deployment of men equipped in this manner became increasingly common for Irish armies so as to counter the increasing use of cavalry on the battlefield. They form a strong anti-infantry and anti-cavalry core in any army.

Claiomhnaghta
These men carry the traditional targe and throwing spears, as well as a claiomh, climh, or clom (sword). These swords were moderately expensive and well crafted, and somewhere between a short and longsword in length, making them wieldy, yet still powerful.

Tuanaghta
The Irish axe, tua, is a very old weapon with a particularly heavy head designed to smash helmets and shields. Men armed with a axe also carried a targe and a few javelins to throw before charging.

Sleanaghta
Most Irish soldiers were armed with a slea (spear), a targe and a few throwing spears, and men armed in this manner often formed the backbone of the army. These men are semi-professional soldiers or mercenaries who either bought their equipment or had it supplied by a Lord, and in return they provide service. These men are apt and can hold the line against all but the best of opponents.

Sleaceitherne
In early Irish Feudal society Ciorns (later kerns) tended to be near the bottom of society. And without much money or fighting ability they would not of had very good equipment and most of the time they were just men called up to serve in a levy. Armed with what little they could afford, usually a spear and a few small javelins or darts.

Ceitherne
In early Irish Feudal society Ciorns (later kerns) tended to be near the bottom of society. And without much money or fighting ability they would not of had very good equipment and most of the time they were just men called up to serve in a levy. Armed with what little they could afford, usually a club and a few small javelins or darts.

Missile:

Maiobhanaghta
The sling maintained some popularity amongst the Irish, as it is cheap and easy to use, with a readily available supply of deadly ammunition (stones or hardened clay). The sling also complimented the Irish style of warfare perfectly, harassing enemies from a distance with deadly force, before melding back into the hills or bogs.

Fiagania
Irish Lords and Kings rarely employ archers in their ranks, as they don't see the value of them. Yet, when they do, they are usually small bands of hunters, who are skilled in the use of their bows. However, they are by no means proficient mêlée fighters, and should be kept out of the main battle line.

Unique:

Laigini
The men of Leinster are highly capable spearmen, fighting in dense formations with a large oval cavalry shield. They are more heavily armoured than the spearmen of rival Irish clans, and are highly effective in defence.

The Kingdom of Mide

Difficulty: Moderate

Mide occupies an interesting situation in the centre of Ireland. Their main focus should be peace with their Southern neighbours as they lack infrastructure and could be easily knocked out by Connachta, Munster or Leinster. With this in mind the North should be their main focus as the Dal Riatans can not well reinforce their Irish lands.

Initial Strategy:
1. Seek peace with other Irish factions
2. Build up infrastructure to allow for more advanced troops
3. If expanding, expand north into Aileach and Ulaid

Positive:
a. Rich provinces

Negative:
a. Lack good archer units
b. Surrounded by enemies
c. Provinces lack infrastructure

Unit List:

Cavalry:

Guirranmor
These are the Irish equivalent of Knights and are well trained and equipped. The Irish did not often use heavy cavalry, but they provide an excellent and powerful reserve. Their patron Lord would provide them with the best arms and armour in the land.

Tuaguirran
Like other Irish skirmishers these horseman are armed with javelins. However, they can be used as medium cavalry, as they are equipped with long axes with elongated handles allowing for swift mêlée attacks. They have much better mêlée skills and can be expected to stay in the fight for longer than other cavalry.

Guirran
These men stick to the normal Irish way of war, acting as mobile skirmishers harassing enemies with their javelins. They are decently trained and can flank or run down routing enemies.

Ceirrana
These men are not trained cavalry in anyway. They are simply the cavalry of local militias armed with only a club and used for scouting and messenger duties. At best they can flank enemies to provide some use, but cannot be expected to stay in the fight long.

Infantry:

Deaisbard
Deaisbard are the private bodyguard of chieftains, with excellent equipment and training. On top of this they were well-educated to act as aides in peacetime and expected to assist in ceremonies.

Arras
Arras are nobles, but may also be wealthy independent landowners, merchants or traders. They have the money to supply themselves and their followers with good arms and armour. They fought in tight formations, with a longish sword, Irish targe, javelins, mail armour and an iron helmet.

Dinuadda-Claiomhnaghta
Longswords were both rare and expensive in Ireland, but favoured by those who could afford them. These high quality swords were incredibly deadly, and similar to later period claymores, offering a powerful attack while sacrificing a shield for protection.

Curadha
These men are champions skilled in the use of spears, as spears are trustworthy, cheap and easy to use. These champions fight to inspire others by starting chants and forcing holes in the enemy battle line.

Gaemornaghta
These men, although from the poorer aspects of society, are armed with a Gaemor or Gaemhor (great spear), used two-handed like a pike. Deployment of men equipped in this manner became increasingly common for Irish armies so as to counter the increasing use of cavalry on the battlefield. They form a strong anti-infantry and anti-cavalry core in any army.

Claiomhnaghta
These men carry the traditional targe and throwing spears, as well as a claiomh, climh, or clom (sword). These swords were moderately expensive and well crafted, and somewhere between a short and longsword in length, making them wieldy, yet still powerful.

Tuanaghta
The Irish axe, tua, is a very old weapon with a particularly heavy head designed to smash helmets and shields. Men armed with a axe also carried a targe and a few javelins to throw before charging.

Sleanaghta
Most Irish soldiers were armed with a slea (spear), a targe and a few throwing spears, and men armed in this manner often formed the backbone of the army. These men are semi-professional soldiers or mercenaries who either bought their equipment or had it supplied by a Lord, and in return they provide service. These men are apt and can hold the line against all but the best of opponents.

Sleaceitherne
In early Irish Feudal society Ciorns (later kerns) tended to be near the bottom of society. And without much money or fighting ability they would not of had very good equipment and most of the time they were just men called up to serve in a levy. Armed with what little they could afford, usually a spear and a few small javelins or darts.

Ceitherne
In early Irish Feudal society Ciorns (later kerns) tended to be near the bottom of society. And without much money or fighting ability they would not of had very good equipment and most of the time they were just men called up to serve in a levy. Armed with what little they could afford, usually a club and a few small javelins or darts.

Missile:

Maiobhanaghta
The sling maintained some popularity amongst the Irish, as it is cheap and easy to use, with a readily available supply of deadly ammunition (stones or hardened clay). The sling also complimented the Irish style of warfare perfectly, harassing enemies from a distance with deadly force, before melding back into the hills or bogs.

Fiagania
Irish Lords and Kings rarely employ archers in their ranks, as they don't see the value of them. Yet, when they do, they are usually small bands of hunters, who are skilled in the use of their bows. However, they are by no means proficient mêlée fighters, and should be kept out of the main battle line.

Unique:

Ruardi-Laecha
The Red Warriors were one of the legendary orders of Irish warriors, based in Brega and Ulaid. They were highly skilled fighters, who were well equipped for battle. Red dye would be applied to their skin to make them look even more fearsome.

The Kingdom of Munster

Difficulty: Fairly Easy

Munster is a military power on the Isles. They have the locality and ability to field many soldiers on the field of battle; not only cheaply, but effectively too. Their only threat will be their unguarded shores.

Initial Strategy:
1. Steamroller Mide before they have a chance to react
2. Build as many expendable troops as possible
3. Avoid war with both Leinster and Connachta

Positive:
a. Rich provinces

Negative:
a. Lack good archer units
b. Surrounded by enemies

Unit List:

Cavalry:

Guirranmor
These are the Irish equivalent of Knights and are well trained and equipped. The Irish did not often use heavy cavalry, but they provide an excellent and powerful reserve. Their patron Lord would provide them with the best arms and armour in the land.

Tuaguirran
Like other Irish skirmishers these horseman are armed with javelins. However, they can be used as medium cavalry, as they are equipped with long axes with elongated handles allowing for swift mêlée attacks. They have much better mêlée skills and can be expected to stay in the fight for longer than other cavalry.

Guirran
These men stick to the normal Irish way of war, acting as mobile skirmishers harassing enemies with their javelins. They are decently trained and can flank or run down routing enemies.

Ceirrana
These men are not trained cavalry in anyway. They are simply the cavalry of local militias armed with only a club and used for scouting and messenger duties. At best they can flank enemies to provide some use, but cannot be expected to stay in the fight long.

Infantry:

Deaisbard
Deaisbard are the private bodyguard of chieftains, with excellent equipment and training. On top of this they were well-educated to act as aides in peacetime and expected to assist in ceremonies.

Arras
Arras are nobles, but may also be wealthy independent landowners, merchants or traders. They have the money to supply themselves and their followers with good arms and armour. They fought in tight formations, with a longish sword, Irish targe, javelins, mail armour and an iron helmet.

Dinuadda-Claiomhnaghta
Longswords were both rare and expensive in Ireland, but favoured by those who could afford them. These high quality swords were incredibly deadly, and similar to later period claymores, offering a powerful attack while sacrificing a shield for protection.

Curadha
These men are champions skilled in the use of spears, as spears are trustworthy, cheap and easy to use. These champions fight to inspire others by starting chants and forcing holes in the enemy battle line.

Gaemornaghta
These men, although from the poorer aspects of society, are armed with a Gaemor or Gaemhor (great spear), used two-handed like a pike. Deployment of men equipped in this manner became increasingly common for Irish armies so as to counter the increasing use of cavalry on the battlefield. They form a strong anti-infantry and anti-cavalry core in any army.

Claiomhnaghta
These men carry the traditional targe and throwing spears, as well as a claiomh, climh, or clom (sword). These swords were moderately expensive and well crafted, and somewhere between a short and longsword in length, making them wieldy, yet still powerful.

Tuanaghta
The Irish axe, tua, is a very old weapon with a particularly heavy head designed to smash helmets and shields. Men armed with a axe also carried a targe and a few javelins to throw before charging.

Sleanaghta
Most Irish soldiers were armed with a slea (spear), a targe and a few throwing spears, and men armed in this manner often formed the backbone of the army. These men are semi-professional soldiers or mercenaries who either bought their equipment or had it supplied by a Lord, and in return they provide service. These men are apt and can hold the line against all but the best of opponents.

Sleaceitherne
In early Irish Feudal society Ciorns (later kerns) tended to be near the bottom of society. And without much money or fighting ability they would not of had very good equipment and most of the time they were just men called up to serve in a levy. Armed with what little they could afford, usually a spear and a few small javelins or darts.

Ceitherne
In early Irish Feudal society Ciorns (later kerns) tended to be near the bottom of society. And without much money or fighting ability they would not of had very good equipment and most of the time they were just men called up to serve in a levy. Armed with what little they could afford, usually a club and a few small javelins or darts.

Missile:

Maiobhanaghta
The sling maintained some popularity amongst the Irish, as it is cheap and easy to use, with a readily available supply of deadly ammunition (stones or hardened clay). The sling also complimented the Irish style of warfare perfectly, harassing enemies from a distance with deadly force, before melding back into the hills or bogs.

Fiagania
Irish Lords and Kings rarely employ archers in their ranks, as they don't see the value of them. Yet, when they do, they are usually small bands of hunters, who are skilled in the use of their bows. However, they are by no means proficient mêlée fighters, and should be kept out of the main battle line.

Unique:

Orddmhornaghta
One of the most favoured weapons of the Irish was the cudgel or hammer, particularly by the Mumainha. These men were said to be able to smash through any armour with their giant two-handed hammers.

The Kingdom of Powys

Difficulty: Hard

The lands of Powys are dirt poor, some of the poorest on the Isles. So a good King will have to act fast if he wishes to turn a profit. Mercia can crush you, as you can not sustain a large army.

Initial Strategy:
1. Increase your income in some manner
2. Capture Defet
3. Focus on Gwynedd as they do not have the mobilisation abilities of Mercia, and their lands are richer than your own.

Positive:
a. Rebel provinces easy for the taking
b. Cheap, reliable, versatile units
c. Highly defensible provinces

Negative:
a. Very poor provinces
b. Can not field a large army
c. Mercia as a neighbour

Unit List:

Cavalry:

Teulu
"Family" or the professional Noble bodyguards of Welsh Kings and Chieftains. These warriors rode into battle, despite the rough terrain of Wales, armed and armoured with chain mail, iron helmets, large shields, stabbing spears and swords. This and their experience and training made them near unstoppable.

Marca Gwynedd
The raider cavalry of Gwyenedd is noticeably better suited for the mountainous terrain of Wales. This is probably due to their use of smaller mountain ponies. However, it is not only that but also their use of Irish style axes allows much more mobility than large cumbersome spears.

Marca
Marca make up "fighting line" cavalry of Wales, fighting with their own equipment and horses. They would have to be relatively wealthy to afford a horse, spear, javelins, shield, iron helmet and scale or chain armour.

Marchogluoedd
These are fast and agile scouts. Riding fast horses and equipped with little in terms of armour. They were expected to skirmish and harass the enemy’s flanks, by peppering them with spears and using their speed to manoeuvre behind enemy lines.

Infantry:

Campwyr
Campwyr are champions, battle hardened veterans consisting of both Nobles and the professional soldiery. Their wealth and fame was accumulated through great deeds on the field of battle. As such they can afford large swords and good armour, and this along with their experience makes them fierce opponents.

Rherel
The spear remained in use even among the wealthy, and it was often even used by the retainers of Nobles. Along with their spears they had chain mail, a shield and an iron helmet, all paid for by their Lord.

Bêrfelawyr
Brythons often preferred the spear over other weapons, and this is true of the semi-professional Bêrfelawyr. Armed with a longspear, little armour and a small shield they could effectively act as pikemen. Providing a wall of bristling spear points to deter both enemy cavalry and infantry.

Rhyfelwyrmawr
These are "great warriors" found in Strathclyde and North-Western Wales. These experienced men were armed with good swords, javelins and armour, and would have to take many casualties before turning tail and running.

Bonheddwyr
Free Nobles, the semi-elite of Welsh armies, who would fight as much with their spears, shields and javelins as they would with their taunts, jeers, trumpets and insults.

Gwaywffynabwyr
Gwaywffynabwyr keep alive the ancient warrior culture of the Celts. They fight bare-chested with a spear, a shield and pure Celtic fury.

Milwyr
Milwyr literally means soldiers. These men are professional bands who provide service for their Lord. However, their equipment is mostly paid for by the soldiers themselves; as such they could only afford cudgels, shields and leather armour.

Cartreflu
For Celts all men who were of age were required to fight for their liege Lord, and for most this was seen as a privilege. Most men supplied their own equipment, and were well able to fight. However, these were no professional soldiers.

Fwnmilwyr
The sling is and old and cheap weapon, and was still used by the Celtic peoples of Britain. The simplicity and inexpensiveness of a sling and its ammunition meant it could even be deadly in the hands of the young or the old.

Gwladwrmintai
Gwladwrmintai literally means "farmer troupe", but that is a bit deceiving as these men come from all aspects of the bottom of the social ladder. They are equipped with whatever they could find, home made javelins, spears, knives and they wore no armour. They were only called to battle in the most dire of situations.

Missile:

Arwrweision
Arwrweision or "brave men" have fought in numerous battles. They fight as medium infantry, armed with swords and bows, and are lightly armoured. Yet, it is their morale that makes them deadly.

Saethwrabhyr
Gwent is an incredibly craggy landscape, a land of ambush and archery. Here men, similar to the Rhyfelwyr of other Kingdoms, would be more lightly equipped and given a larger and more powerful bow; a bow that would one day evolve into the longbow.

Rhyfelwyr
The constant wars between individual Welsh Kingdoms perfected many aspects of Welsh warfare. Thus Rhyfelwyr were spawned; medium infantry armed with bows, to enable them to both skirmish and engage enemies in mêlée.

Helwyr
The Welsh had a distinct passion for hunting, skills which could be used in battle. This meant a good huntsman could command some prestige and become relatively rich. Helwyr owned and equipped powerful bows which could kill even the largest of prey.

Saethwyr
Archery was an important aspect of everyday living for Brythonic peoples, with archery being the most common pastime. Even the simplest levied man is a strong threat when armed with a bow and in among the hills and mountains of Wales.

The Kingdom of Wessex

Difficulty: Fairly Easy

Essex will be the main rival of Wessex; because if you are not quick they will snatch up the weak provinces of Kent and Sussex before you can react. Cornwall is also a tempting target. However, you must prepare for the eventual conflict with Essex and Mercia.

Initial Strategy:
1. Take Kent and Sussex
2. Build up garrisons along your borders with Mercia
3. Focus on your economy after taking Kent and Essex

Positive:
a. Strong unique unit
b. Rich provinces
c. Rebel provinces for the taking

Negative:
a. Military is expensive to train and upkeep
b. Limited army options early on

Unit List:

Cavalry:

Mounted Eorls
Mounted Eorls are the precursor to the medieval Knight. They are well equipped and trained, and less likely to flee the field than more common troops. The combination of their mobility and their fighting skill makes them a very effective medium cavalry, able to engage all but the heaviest opponents.

Eored
Really just a foot warrior on horseback, these scouts add mobility to the battlefield and are good for chasing down routing troops. Although they are unlikely to dominate the battlefield, in the right place at the right time they can turn the tide of battle.

Infantry:

Huscarles
Huscarles are the professional entourage of a King or Noble. In peacetime they act as a bodyguard and personal staff, and in times of war they are the professional spine of the leader's army. They are an elite chosen from the ranks of the Thegns, armed with swords and Dane-axes (axes in this mod).

Thegns
Thegns are the middle class of Saxon society, land-owners who are required to serve their King or Lord in times of crisis for military obligations, the building of fortifications and civilian matters. In return they receive favour and better arms and armour.

Fyrdmen
Fyrdmen are the men of a levied Fyrd. They combine the lower ranks (available for active duty if needed during a legislated number of weeks each year) and more professional troops (retained on duty rather than only called up at a time of crisis). They act as the rank-and-file of Saxon infantry, but have little in terms of protection other than an iron helm.

Ceorls
Ceorls are the freemen of Saxon society, from which the levies of the Fyrd were gathered from mostly. They are armed with a spear and shield, supplied by their local Lord or Thegn.

Hundrademen
A hundrademan is one of a hundred levied by the reeve to defend the local area and act as policemen and wardens. They are most suitable as garrison troops, and can not be expected to act as a strong core of fighting men.

Acerweras
Literally meaning "farmer band", these men hold more status than a Gebur, but are lower than the Ceorls or Cotsetlas. They can be levied into the Fyrd in times of crisis, or when better men are needed at the front. All they take to the fight is the few farming implements they own.

Missile:

Yrweras
Archery is a survival skill: it helps put food on the table, assuming that the archer isn’t hanged as a poacher! Using the same skill in battle can bring down an armoured man, although short bows are not quite as efficient as true war bows.

Unique:

Billweras
These champion swordsmen use the Saxon Bill, a two-handed sword. Little could rival the honour provided by fighting in armed combat with a sword, as such these men are in a manner the very best warriors; armed and armoured in the best that can be provided.

The Kingdom of Mercia

Difficulty: Moderate

The Mercians are boxed in on all sides by hostile nations. However, theirs is a rich land, ready to garner large armies. Wessex will be an major threat and possibly Northumbria if they can defeat the Strathclyders.

Initial Strategy:
1. Strengthen the economy
2. Fortify your Welsh borders
3. Choose one enemy to pick off

Positive:
a. Very rich provinces
b. Powerful unique unit, adding diversity to missile options
c. Weak neighbours (East Anglia, Welsh Kingdoms)

Negative:
a. Many enemies
b. Forces may be overextended by a war on multiple fronts

Unit List:

Cavalry:

Mounted Eorls
Mounted Eorls are the precursor to the medieval Knight. They are well equipped and trained, and less likely to flee the field than more common troops. The combination of their mobility and their fighting skill makes them a very effective medium cavalry, able to engage all but the heaviest opponents.

Eored
Really just a foot warrior on horseback, these scouts add mobility to the battlefield and are good for chasing down routing troops. Although they are unlikely to dominate the battlefield, in the right place at the right time they can turn the tide of battle.

Infantry:

Huscarles
Huscarles are the professional entourage of a King or Noble. In peacetime they act as a bodyguard and personal staff, and in times of war they are the professional spine of the leader's army. They are an elite chosen from the ranks of the Thegns, armed with swords and Dane-axes (axes in this mod).

Thegns
Thegns are the middle class of Saxon society, land-owners who are required to serve their King or Lord in times of crisis for military obligations, the building of fortifications and civilian matters. In return they receive favour and better arms and armour.

Fyrdmen
Fyrdmen are the men of a levied Fyrd. They combine the lower ranks (available for active duty if needed during a legislated number of weeks each year) and more professional troops (retained on duty rather than only called up at a time of crisis). They act as the rank-and-file of Saxon infantry, but have little in terms of protection other than an iron helm.

Ceorls
Ceorls are the freemen of Saxon society, from which the levies of the Fyrd were gathered from mostly. They are armed with a spear and shield, supplied by their local Lord or Thegn.

Hundrademen
A hundrademan is one of a hundred levied by the reeve to defend the local area and act as policemen and wardens. They are most suitable as garrison troops, and can not be expected to act as a strong core of fighting men.

Acerweras
Literally meaning "farmer band", these men hold more status than a Gebur, but are lower than the Ceorls or Cotsetlas. They can be levied into the Fyrd in times of crisis, or when better men are needed at the front. All they take to the fight is the few farming implements they own.

Missile:

Yrweras
Archery is a survival skill: it helps put food on the table, assuming that the archer isn’t hanged as a poacher! Using the same skill in battle can bring down an armoured man, although short bows are not quite as efficient as true war bows.

Unique:

Angonweras
The angon is a fabled spear, used as a javelin. These Angon bands are well equipped, and capable of great deeds. The angon is a javelin made in one piece, that breaks or bends on impact; thus rendering the target immobilised.

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