PSYCHO
06-17-2004, 22:53
WHAT SORT OF GALLIC UNITS DO YOU WANT IN RTW ?
Currently CA have included units like the Gallic Spearmen, the Gallic Skirmisher, the Gallic Swordsmen, Gallic Chosen Swordsmen etc etc in RTW.
The following are examples of the type of units that CA could incorporate from history. If there was no additional delay to RTW's release or if these units could be modded in, would you like to see them?
Read the following Unit suggestions and post your opinion.
It would be good to hear what you all think on this issue..so don’t be shy, have a voice
SUGGESTED UNITS FOR THE GAUL FACTION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LIGHT INFANTRY
Senone Slingers: (Light Infantry)
Above Average Valour, Easily Fatigued, Dubious Morale under heavy casualties
(Long plated hair, Gallic moustache, torque, naked chest, trousers in ‘faction colours’, shoes, Sling, Pellet pouch slung over shoulder, Short Celtic Sword, Very small buckler usually slung over back).
These adept skirmishers can hurl lead slugs at high speed over good distances. They are particularly good at attacking lightly armed troops. They can fight with sword if forced, but they prove to be ineffective in hand-to-hand warfare.
(Can be raised anywhere in Transalpine Gaul)
Aquitanian Archers: (Light Infantry)
Average Valour, Easily Fatigued, Low Morale
(Shorter darker hair, Gallic moustache, torque, long sleave shirt to thigh over trousers in ‘faction colours’ and tied around waste with belt, shoes, bow, quiver of arrows hung off left hip, short Celtic sword, No Shield). These troops come from the smaller, more passive tribes of Southern Gaul. Good at showering the enemy with archery fire, they will soon run if engaged in hand to hand fighting.
(Can be raised in Southern Transalpine Gaul)
Bodvoritus (‘Running Wrath’): (Light Infantry)
Extremely Impetuous, Extremely Undisciplined, Good Morale, Very Good Stamina, Good Attack
(Long flowing hair, naked tattooed torso, Gallic moustache, torque, armlets, chequered trousers in ‘faction colours’, shoes, arm guards, dirk and medium length (Halstatt) sword).
The ‘Bodvoritus’ tend to come from the Brannovice (‘frenzied ones’) tribe. The Brannovice were a client to the Aedui and were renown for their berserk behaviour in battle. They would drink a ‘magical’ potion before entering battle which gave them ‘special’ courage, stamina and protection from the pain of wounds. Once worked up into a frenzy, they would often fight in a similar fashion as the Picts some centuries later. Working in pairs, one would throw themselves on the enemy’s weapon whilst the other struck the encumbered down.
(Can be raised from central Transalpine Gaul)
MEDIUM INFANTRY
Southern Warband: (Medium Infantry)
Impetuous, Above Average Valour, Easily Fatigued.
(Shorter hair to nape of neck and spiked up with lime, Gallic moustache, torque, bangle around each wrist, naked chest, cloak fastened at right shoulder by broach, tartan trousers in ‘faction colours’, shoes, spears, long Celtic sword, rounded rectangular shield with Celtic swirl design)
The Southern Gallic Warband are cheap and quick to raise. Along with the Northern Warband they provide the bulk of the Gallic force. They throw their spears before charging home with sword and have a good initial assault.
(Can be raised anywhere in Cisalpine Gaul and Celtiberia)
Northern Warband: (Medium Infantry)
Impetuous, Above Average Valour, Easily Fatigued.
(Long hair platted, Gallic moustache, torque, naked chest, armlets, bangle around each wrist, trousers in ‘faction colours’, shoes, spears, long Celtic sword, oval shield)
The Northern Gallic Warband are cheap and quick to raise. Along with the Southern Warband they provide the bulk of the Gallic force. They can work in close or open formation and are trained to form shield walls if necessary. They can throw or thrust with their spears before charging home with sword. Sapping Ability
(Can be raised anywhere in Transalpine Gaul)
Veneti Bagaudam(‘Guerrilla Fighters’): (Medium Infantry)
Disciplined, Average Valour, Dubious Morale
(Bronze helmet with thin horns, short dark hair, Gallic moustache, torque, short sleave shirt in ‘faction colours’ with chequered borders to thigh over trousers and tied around waste with belt, short boots, spear, Celtic sword, strange squarish shield with wavy sides).
The Veneti (‘Clansmen’) were a maritime tribe that traded and raided the oceans centuries before the first Vikings. They were adept guerrilla fighters who excelled in using the terrain to their advantage / sneaking up on their enemies. They also excel at ambushes, night and amphibious operations.
(Can be raised from Veneti Territory)
Dubis Dusios (‘Black Demons’): (Elite Medium Infantry)
Impetuous, Very High Valour, Good Stamina, Very High Morale, Good Attack
(Bronze bowl helmets adorned with purple crest, short dark hair, shaggy black (goatskin like) shoulder-less tunic to above knee bound by thick Iberian belt, arm guards, greaves made of the same black material wound around shins and carves, excellent quality iron short two edged swords, dirk, Celtic oval shield in ‘faction colours’).
The ‘Dubi Dusios’ are Elite Celtiberian warriors from Spain. They are chosen from among the ranks for their skill, fitness and bravery in battle. Though rough and ready, these Celtiberians are fierce ferocious fighters that can hold their own against almost any opposition.
(Can be raised from Celtiberian ‘Gaul’)
Bodubatae (‘Raven Warriors’): (Elite Medium Infantry)
Excellent Discipline, Good Valour, Good Stamina, High Morale,
(Bronze Raven helmet, long hair, Gallic moustache, golden torque, golden armlets, bronze armbands, naked chest, red tartan trousers to ankles, cloak in 'faction colours’ fastened with large golden broach on right shoulder, short boots, long thrusting spear, long Celtic sword, Oval Shield).
The Aedui ‘Bodubatae'are a Royal Body Guard, an elite infantry unit made up from the best warriors of the Aedui confederacy. They invoke the Female War Goddess Morrigan (Who was believed to take the form of a Raven to steal away men’s souls, hence the helmet). Their role, similar to the Roman Praetorian Guard, is to serve the highest office in the land, the Gallic High King. Well trained, drilled and disciplined they are expensive and difficult to raise but make up for their small numbers by their impact in battle. They can form a testudo, shield wall or a phalanx with their long spears.
(Can be raised from Aedui Territory)
http://www.hobby-online.com/g1204.jpg
HEAVY INFANTRY
Arverni Arjos (‘Nobles’): (Heavy Infantry)
Good Discipline, Low Valour, Easily Fatigued, Good Morale
(Iron ‘Gallic’ helmet, long hair, Gallic moustache, torque, wrist guards, shirt of mail over long sleeve tunic gathered by belt at waist, tartan cloak in ‘faction colours’ gathered on right shoulder with broach, trousers, short boots, long thrusting spears, long Celtic sword, oval shield).
The Arverni (‘Superior Ones’) are a large powerful tribe who have become extremely wealthy through trade with the Mediterraean. As such, they have a large body of nobility who are afforded the time and wealth to prepare well for battle.
The Arverni Arjos sport the finest equipment available and train daily in its use. They can form a testudo or shield wall quickly and prove to be sturdy force in any line of battle.
(Can be raised from Arverni Territory)
http://www.slitherine.co.uk/Legion/Images/CeltNob_WarriorCeltWar.jpg
Carnute Cingetos (‘Warriors): (Elite Heavy Infantry)
High Valour, High Morale, Good attack, Cause Fear against other Gallic units, Large Additional Valour and Morale Bonus against non-Celtic factions.
(Iron helmet with forward facing horns, long hair, Gallic moustache, torque, arm guards, chain mail shirt over long sleeve tunic gathered at waist by belt, stripped trousers in ‘faction colours’, Royal Blue cloak fastened on breast, short ankle boots, Long Celtic Sword, Round Shield).
These ‘Cincetos’ are Elite fighters who hail from the land of the Carnutes, the heart of the Druidic religion in Gaul. As Druids, they invoke the Gallic god Cernunnos (‘The Horned One’ hence the helmets) to give them courage in battle. Trained in the Druidic schools and Carnute military colleges, they are extremely expensive to raise but are fanatical volunteers that will fight to the death, especially against non-Celtic factions. [These units become slightly cheaper if at war with non-Celtic invaders.]
(Can be raised from Carnute Territory)
CAVALRY
Leuce Epos(‘Light Horse’): (Medium Cavalry)
Disciplined, Good Valour, Good Morale
(Iron bowl Helmet with tri swirl cheek guards, long hair, Gallic moustache, torque, armlets, bangle around each wrist, long sleave tunic in ‘faction colours’ over trousers and tied at waist by belt, shoes, round shield with cheque pattern, throwing spears, long Celtic Sword).
The Gallic ‘Leuce Epos’ constitute the bulk of Gallic cavalry. The term ‘Leuce’ was applied more due to their swiftness of foot than their equipment. Able to either throw or thrust with spears before engaging with sword, they form an effective mobile force.
(Can raise from any Celtic Area)
Brihentin(‘Elite Cavalry’): (Heavy Cavalry)
Disciplined, Good Valour, Easily fatigued, Good Morale, Excellent Attack
(Iron ‘Gallic’ helmet with faction-coloured plume, long hair, Gallic moustache, torque, arm guards, chain mail shirt over long sleeve tunic gathered at waist by belt, trousers in ‘faction colours’, cloak fastened on right shoulder by broach, short ankle boots, medium spear / lance, long Celtic Sword, Round shield).
The ‘Brihentin’ are chosen from among the tribe’s nobility for their prowess in battle. These troops are well armed and experienced in battle. They are trained to couch their lance before closing with their long swords. Extremely expensive to raise, they prove invaluable to any astute War-chief.
(Can be raised anywhere in Transalpine Gaul)
MERCENARIES
Gaesatae(‘Spearmen’): (Elite Light / Mercenary Infantry)
Impetuous, High valour, Easily fatigued, Good Morale, Very Good Attack, Long spear throwing range.
(Iron Helmet with boar crest and black horse hair trail, long hair, Gallic moustache, Long Hexagonal Shield, throwing spears, Long Celtic Sword, large golden torque, armlets, bracelets and anklets, Large well built and naked but for a small flap in ‘faction colours’ at front and back of groin (for the kiddies)).
These are a group of elite warriors that have left their tribal allegiances to sell their services to the highest bidder. They believe their nakedness allows their fighting mogo to flow.
(Can be hired at great cost from anywhere that has a Gallic tavern)
Ordocorii(‘Hammer Troops’): (Elite Medium / Mercenary Infantry)
Disciplined, Good Valour, Good Stamina, Average Morale
(Short Horned (Thames styled) helmet, Long dark flowing hair, Woaded face and arms, Gallic moustache, Golden torque, Heavy Wrist guards, Sleeveless shirt and vest of chain mail over trousers, belt at waist, Tartan cloak, shoes, heavy war hammer, round shield)
The Ordocorii come from the Ordovices (‘Those that fight with hammers’), a Briton tribe situated on the Western coast of the Isle (Wales). They lack central government and tend to seek fortune where-ever they may find it, willingly crossing the channel to offer their services to their Gallic cousins.
They invoke the Celtic god Sucellus (‘Hammer god’) prior battle and tend to possess an acute hatred of Rome.
(Can be hired at great cost from any Gallic coastal province that has a Tavern)
Mori Gaesum(‘Sea of Spears’): (Elite Heavy / Mercenary Infantry)
Excellent Discipline, Good Valour, Very Good Morale
(Tall spiked iron helmets, long dark hair, Gallic moustache, torque, arm guards, red tunic with chequered borders gathered with belt over trousers, cloak same colour as trousers, shoes, Pikes, long Celtic sword, large rectangular shield with rounded edges)
The ‘Mori Gaesum’ are mercenaries raised from among the Helvetii (Swiss). These Helvetians were very well organised into units with good leadership and discipline. Of all the Gauls, they were the most experienced and effective in the employment of the Phalanx. Much like other Gallic tribes that use close formation tactics, they will drop their spears once the enemy formation is broken and charge home with the sword.
(Can be hired at great cost from a Tavern in Helvetii territory)
http://www.r-kproductions.com/products/P54133.jpg
Teutones: (Elite Light / Mercenary Cavalry)
Disciplined, Excellent Valour, Good Stamina, Excellent Morale
(Hair dyed red and in pony tail, full beard, naked chest, short cloak, trousers, shoes, throwing spears, small square shield)
The Teutones are German Mercenaries willing to cross the Rhine and sell their blood for gold and glory. Equipped with sturdy Gallic mounts, they are fast and ferocious and can often outfight more heavier armed opponents.
(Can be hire at great cost by emissary to German territory)
Currently CA have included units like the Gallic Spearmen, the Gallic Skirmisher, the Gallic Swordsmen, Gallic Chosen Swordsmen etc etc in RTW.
The following are examples of the type of units that CA could incorporate from history. If there was no additional delay to RTW's release or if these units could be modded in, would you like to see them?
Read the following Unit suggestions and post your opinion.
It would be good to hear what you all think on this issue..so don’t be shy, have a voice
SUGGESTED UNITS FOR THE GAUL FACTION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LIGHT INFANTRY
Senone Slingers: (Light Infantry)
Above Average Valour, Easily Fatigued, Dubious Morale under heavy casualties
(Long plated hair, Gallic moustache, torque, naked chest, trousers in ‘faction colours’, shoes, Sling, Pellet pouch slung over shoulder, Short Celtic Sword, Very small buckler usually slung over back).
These adept skirmishers can hurl lead slugs at high speed over good distances. They are particularly good at attacking lightly armed troops. They can fight with sword if forced, but they prove to be ineffective in hand-to-hand warfare.
(Can be raised anywhere in Transalpine Gaul)
Aquitanian Archers: (Light Infantry)
Average Valour, Easily Fatigued, Low Morale
(Shorter darker hair, Gallic moustache, torque, long sleave shirt to thigh over trousers in ‘faction colours’ and tied around waste with belt, shoes, bow, quiver of arrows hung off left hip, short Celtic sword, No Shield). These troops come from the smaller, more passive tribes of Southern Gaul. Good at showering the enemy with archery fire, they will soon run if engaged in hand to hand fighting.
(Can be raised in Southern Transalpine Gaul)
Bodvoritus (‘Running Wrath’): (Light Infantry)
Extremely Impetuous, Extremely Undisciplined, Good Morale, Very Good Stamina, Good Attack
(Long flowing hair, naked tattooed torso, Gallic moustache, torque, armlets, chequered trousers in ‘faction colours’, shoes, arm guards, dirk and medium length (Halstatt) sword).
The ‘Bodvoritus’ tend to come from the Brannovice (‘frenzied ones’) tribe. The Brannovice were a client to the Aedui and were renown for their berserk behaviour in battle. They would drink a ‘magical’ potion before entering battle which gave them ‘special’ courage, stamina and protection from the pain of wounds. Once worked up into a frenzy, they would often fight in a similar fashion as the Picts some centuries later. Working in pairs, one would throw themselves on the enemy’s weapon whilst the other struck the encumbered down.
(Can be raised from central Transalpine Gaul)
MEDIUM INFANTRY
Southern Warband: (Medium Infantry)
Impetuous, Above Average Valour, Easily Fatigued.
(Shorter hair to nape of neck and spiked up with lime, Gallic moustache, torque, bangle around each wrist, naked chest, cloak fastened at right shoulder by broach, tartan trousers in ‘faction colours’, shoes, spears, long Celtic sword, rounded rectangular shield with Celtic swirl design)
The Southern Gallic Warband are cheap and quick to raise. Along with the Northern Warband they provide the bulk of the Gallic force. They throw their spears before charging home with sword and have a good initial assault.
(Can be raised anywhere in Cisalpine Gaul and Celtiberia)
Northern Warband: (Medium Infantry)
Impetuous, Above Average Valour, Easily Fatigued.
(Long hair platted, Gallic moustache, torque, naked chest, armlets, bangle around each wrist, trousers in ‘faction colours’, shoes, spears, long Celtic sword, oval shield)
The Northern Gallic Warband are cheap and quick to raise. Along with the Southern Warband they provide the bulk of the Gallic force. They can work in close or open formation and are trained to form shield walls if necessary. They can throw or thrust with their spears before charging home with sword. Sapping Ability
(Can be raised anywhere in Transalpine Gaul)
Veneti Bagaudam(‘Guerrilla Fighters’): (Medium Infantry)
Disciplined, Average Valour, Dubious Morale
(Bronze helmet with thin horns, short dark hair, Gallic moustache, torque, short sleave shirt in ‘faction colours’ with chequered borders to thigh over trousers and tied around waste with belt, short boots, spear, Celtic sword, strange squarish shield with wavy sides).
The Veneti (‘Clansmen’) were a maritime tribe that traded and raided the oceans centuries before the first Vikings. They were adept guerrilla fighters who excelled in using the terrain to their advantage / sneaking up on their enemies. They also excel at ambushes, night and amphibious operations.
(Can be raised from Veneti Territory)
Dubis Dusios (‘Black Demons’): (Elite Medium Infantry)
Impetuous, Very High Valour, Good Stamina, Very High Morale, Good Attack
(Bronze bowl helmets adorned with purple crest, short dark hair, shaggy black (goatskin like) shoulder-less tunic to above knee bound by thick Iberian belt, arm guards, greaves made of the same black material wound around shins and carves, excellent quality iron short two edged swords, dirk, Celtic oval shield in ‘faction colours’).
The ‘Dubi Dusios’ are Elite Celtiberian warriors from Spain. They are chosen from among the ranks for their skill, fitness and bravery in battle. Though rough and ready, these Celtiberians are fierce ferocious fighters that can hold their own against almost any opposition.
(Can be raised from Celtiberian ‘Gaul’)
Bodubatae (‘Raven Warriors’): (Elite Medium Infantry)
Excellent Discipline, Good Valour, Good Stamina, High Morale,
(Bronze Raven helmet, long hair, Gallic moustache, golden torque, golden armlets, bronze armbands, naked chest, red tartan trousers to ankles, cloak in 'faction colours’ fastened with large golden broach on right shoulder, short boots, long thrusting spear, long Celtic sword, Oval Shield).
The Aedui ‘Bodubatae'are a Royal Body Guard, an elite infantry unit made up from the best warriors of the Aedui confederacy. They invoke the Female War Goddess Morrigan (Who was believed to take the form of a Raven to steal away men’s souls, hence the helmet). Their role, similar to the Roman Praetorian Guard, is to serve the highest office in the land, the Gallic High King. Well trained, drilled and disciplined they are expensive and difficult to raise but make up for their small numbers by their impact in battle. They can form a testudo, shield wall or a phalanx with their long spears.
(Can be raised from Aedui Territory)
http://www.hobby-online.com/g1204.jpg
HEAVY INFANTRY
Arverni Arjos (‘Nobles’): (Heavy Infantry)
Good Discipline, Low Valour, Easily Fatigued, Good Morale
(Iron ‘Gallic’ helmet, long hair, Gallic moustache, torque, wrist guards, shirt of mail over long sleeve tunic gathered by belt at waist, tartan cloak in ‘faction colours’ gathered on right shoulder with broach, trousers, short boots, long thrusting spears, long Celtic sword, oval shield).
The Arverni (‘Superior Ones’) are a large powerful tribe who have become extremely wealthy through trade with the Mediterraean. As such, they have a large body of nobility who are afforded the time and wealth to prepare well for battle.
The Arverni Arjos sport the finest equipment available and train daily in its use. They can form a testudo or shield wall quickly and prove to be sturdy force in any line of battle.
(Can be raised from Arverni Territory)
http://www.slitherine.co.uk/Legion/Images/CeltNob_WarriorCeltWar.jpg
Carnute Cingetos (‘Warriors): (Elite Heavy Infantry)
High Valour, High Morale, Good attack, Cause Fear against other Gallic units, Large Additional Valour and Morale Bonus against non-Celtic factions.
(Iron helmet with forward facing horns, long hair, Gallic moustache, torque, arm guards, chain mail shirt over long sleeve tunic gathered at waist by belt, stripped trousers in ‘faction colours’, Royal Blue cloak fastened on breast, short ankle boots, Long Celtic Sword, Round Shield).
These ‘Cincetos’ are Elite fighters who hail from the land of the Carnutes, the heart of the Druidic religion in Gaul. As Druids, they invoke the Gallic god Cernunnos (‘The Horned One’ hence the helmets) to give them courage in battle. Trained in the Druidic schools and Carnute military colleges, they are extremely expensive to raise but are fanatical volunteers that will fight to the death, especially against non-Celtic factions. [These units become slightly cheaper if at war with non-Celtic invaders.]
(Can be raised from Carnute Territory)
CAVALRY
Leuce Epos(‘Light Horse’): (Medium Cavalry)
Disciplined, Good Valour, Good Morale
(Iron bowl Helmet with tri swirl cheek guards, long hair, Gallic moustache, torque, armlets, bangle around each wrist, long sleave tunic in ‘faction colours’ over trousers and tied at waist by belt, shoes, round shield with cheque pattern, throwing spears, long Celtic Sword).
The Gallic ‘Leuce Epos’ constitute the bulk of Gallic cavalry. The term ‘Leuce’ was applied more due to their swiftness of foot than their equipment. Able to either throw or thrust with spears before engaging with sword, they form an effective mobile force.
(Can raise from any Celtic Area)
Brihentin(‘Elite Cavalry’): (Heavy Cavalry)
Disciplined, Good Valour, Easily fatigued, Good Morale, Excellent Attack
(Iron ‘Gallic’ helmet with faction-coloured plume, long hair, Gallic moustache, torque, arm guards, chain mail shirt over long sleeve tunic gathered at waist by belt, trousers in ‘faction colours’, cloak fastened on right shoulder by broach, short ankle boots, medium spear / lance, long Celtic Sword, Round shield).
The ‘Brihentin’ are chosen from among the tribe’s nobility for their prowess in battle. These troops are well armed and experienced in battle. They are trained to couch their lance before closing with their long swords. Extremely expensive to raise, they prove invaluable to any astute War-chief.
(Can be raised anywhere in Transalpine Gaul)
MERCENARIES
Gaesatae(‘Spearmen’): (Elite Light / Mercenary Infantry)
Impetuous, High valour, Easily fatigued, Good Morale, Very Good Attack, Long spear throwing range.
(Iron Helmet with boar crest and black horse hair trail, long hair, Gallic moustache, Long Hexagonal Shield, throwing spears, Long Celtic Sword, large golden torque, armlets, bracelets and anklets, Large well built and naked but for a small flap in ‘faction colours’ at front and back of groin (for the kiddies)).
These are a group of elite warriors that have left their tribal allegiances to sell their services to the highest bidder. They believe their nakedness allows their fighting mogo to flow.
(Can be hired at great cost from anywhere that has a Gallic tavern)
Ordocorii(‘Hammer Troops’): (Elite Medium / Mercenary Infantry)
Disciplined, Good Valour, Good Stamina, Average Morale
(Short Horned (Thames styled) helmet, Long dark flowing hair, Woaded face and arms, Gallic moustache, Golden torque, Heavy Wrist guards, Sleeveless shirt and vest of chain mail over trousers, belt at waist, Tartan cloak, shoes, heavy war hammer, round shield)
The Ordocorii come from the Ordovices (‘Those that fight with hammers’), a Briton tribe situated on the Western coast of the Isle (Wales). They lack central government and tend to seek fortune where-ever they may find it, willingly crossing the channel to offer their services to their Gallic cousins.
They invoke the Celtic god Sucellus (‘Hammer god’) prior battle and tend to possess an acute hatred of Rome.
(Can be hired at great cost from any Gallic coastal province that has a Tavern)
Mori Gaesum(‘Sea of Spears’): (Elite Heavy / Mercenary Infantry)
Excellent Discipline, Good Valour, Very Good Morale
(Tall spiked iron helmets, long dark hair, Gallic moustache, torque, arm guards, red tunic with chequered borders gathered with belt over trousers, cloak same colour as trousers, shoes, Pikes, long Celtic sword, large rectangular shield with rounded edges)
The ‘Mori Gaesum’ are mercenaries raised from among the Helvetii (Swiss). These Helvetians were very well organised into units with good leadership and discipline. Of all the Gauls, they were the most experienced and effective in the employment of the Phalanx. Much like other Gallic tribes that use close formation tactics, they will drop their spears once the enemy formation is broken and charge home with the sword.
(Can be hired at great cost from a Tavern in Helvetii territory)
http://www.r-kproductions.com/products/P54133.jpg
Teutones: (Elite Light / Mercenary Cavalry)
Disciplined, Excellent Valour, Good Stamina, Excellent Morale
(Hair dyed red and in pony tail, full beard, naked chest, short cloak, trousers, shoes, throwing spears, small square shield)
The Teutones are German Mercenaries willing to cross the Rhine and sell their blood for gold and glory. Equipped with sturdy Gallic mounts, they are fast and ferocious and can often outfight more heavier armed opponents.
(Can be hire at great cost by emissary to German territory)