The Caliphate Mamluks enjoy a good deal of autonomy for a slave faction. Officially, they own no territories. But unofficially, their lands stretch from Ethiopia to the Coasts of Arabia and up to the Levant. The reason for this continued autonomy, are the citizens of Egypt and politics within the 4th Caliphate itself.
Though the Caliphate Mamluks are in themselves a slave order, not all those under its protection are slaves. This has divided the Mamluks into two basic structures: the Ghulams and the Citizens. The citizens are all officially members of “The Caliphate.” But because such an identity is vague at best, many prefer to associate themselves with their ancient tribal identities or with simply their homeland, Egypt. As this is the case, the citizens of Egypt are generally more loyal to the Mamluks than to their wayward masters in “the Caliphate.”
But this dilemma was predicted by the Caliph upon the very first ordering of the Mamluks. And that is why in 1195 it was decreed that the new Caliphate appoint all future Mamluk leaders directly, and that old leaders submit themselves as Ghulams to specific masters in the 4th Caliphate. These leaders would then become ghulam Baghaturs, representatives to their masters in the Caliphate. Baghatures would then be directly overseen by one Grand Alpawit, who would then answer to the Caliph and assure his authority amidst the order. Citizens would become officially members of the 4th Caliphate, but remain under the
direct protection and governance of the Mamluks, who now answered directly to the Caliph.
Though some Egyptian leaders objected to the title of “slave,” these individuals were either forcibly converted or, more likely, executed. The then religious reawakening of the period (then at its highest point ever after the defeat of the Franks) allowed for such conversions, being justified as necessary for the spreading of the Ummah and Islam itself. And, at that time, most of Egypt’s leaders had been slaves to begin with and most had been taught to respect such a title, not to shun it.
Yet, despite the systems being put in place, it was internal politics that would truly lead to the autonomy of the Mamluks. Individual emirs and governors of the Seljuks, Abassids, and even Ghaznavids jumped at the chance to have their stakes in the region. Competition was high to recruit individual Baghaturs amidst these factions. Unison and cohesion began to break down, as the wills of the Baghatur’s respective masters often began to differ from one another. More and more, the Caliph had to appoint the Alpawit position with more power to make up for the increasing breakdown in unification amongst the Baghaturs. Yet, as the Alpawit’s position grew, so did the Baghaturs'. Without any proper cohesion or hierarchy yet established amidst the 4th Caliphate, no checks and balances could be issued to stop these arms races amidst the Baghaturs and the Alpawit.
This trend continued until three factions formed within the Caliphate Mamluks—each faction loyal to either the Seljuks, Abassids, or Ghaznavids. When this occured, the Baghaturs owned by the Ghaznavid emirs quickly began to lose their power, having fewer numbers than either the Seljuk or Abassid parties. Eventually, only the Seljuk and Abassid parties remained. In the confusion, a new title even arose in the order: abū Baghatur, second in command and inheritor to the Alpawit—though this new title was just the unofficial leader of the Seljuk party in the Caliphate Mamluks.
Eventually, the Seljuk Sultan and the Abassid Caliph took action against the growing disputes amongst the two parties and issued individual proclamations to their emirs, laying out strict guidelines to the hierarchy and power structures behind the Mamluk order—one which was supposed to be satisfactory to both sides, but in so doing made the growing autonomy of the Mamluks official. Nonetheless, these proclamations brokered temporary cohesion to the Caliphate Mamluks; yet the parties within the order still remain and thus complete unity and solidity within the Caliphate Mamluks remains a thing very strained.