The Crucifixion, by Andreas Pavias, Crete, second half of the 15th century

The Crucifixion, by Andreas Pavias, Crete, second half of the 15th century has a wide variety of Italian, Greek, Ottoman, Tartar, Mamluk and other soldiers and civilians in the crowd and the soldiers dividing the clothes

The most heavily armoured men with closed helmets may be Venetians or similar westerners. Others are less well armoured in brigandines buckled at the front or back.

To help reference figures, this image of the crowd at ‘The Crucifixion’, by Andreas Pavias has numbers.

https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attac...0&d=1500267704 https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attac...1&d=1500267783
Two armoured men (upper-left [41] and centre [96]) have pteruges at their shoulders. Could these be portraying Greeks? 'Battle of Constantine and Maxentius at Milvian Bridge' by Piero della Francesca, ca. 1466, where Constantine's face is a portrait of John VIII Palaeologus, former Eastern Emperor, has figures with pteruges at both shoulder and waist which may represent Byzantine soldiers. These also appear on both sides in 'Battle between Heraclius and Chosroes' by Piero della Francesca. But, similar shoulder protection appears in western manuscripts, e.g. 'Chroniques' by Jean Froissart, copy from Bruges, Belgium, c.1470-1475AD, f.165v, detail of a soldier. Others dressed similarly without pteruges may be Greek as well, but could be Venetians.

Africans: One horseman on the left [43] is shown as pitch black, the man with sponge [63] and the man on the right hand ladder [128] appear to be African. A prominent figure at right centre [106] has a Mamluk fluffy red zam?. A few other zam?s may be seen in the crowd [97, 75].

The figure that probably represents the centurion [62] has plate leg and arm harness with gauntlets and sabatons and a sallet with a turban around it.

At upper left appears a tartar [53] in a red hat with a split pointed brim. Just to the left of the base of the cross, a horseman [38] wears a hat with a ribbed crown with similarities to the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Paleologus’ hat on a medal by Pisanello, but here it is given a split brim. He and [94] are probably also tartars.
https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attac...2&d=1500268329
To his right of [53] is a hemispherical red cap with a point [57]. In front and to the left of these is a horseman in a hemispherical white cap with a long point [51]. This type of hat may fit a description by Doukas of Ottoman hemispherical caps with a point a hand-span high, red for Turks and white for the Sultan’s servants. Another white cap can be seen at far right [149].
https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attac...3&d=1500268402 https://forums.totalwar.org/vb/attac...4&d=1500268582
The Sultan’s servants included the early Janissaries.

There are some hats with brim turned up at the back and sides and lengthened in front, worn over an arming cap tied under the chin [47, 48, 33, 36, 37 & 92] . There are also a couple of wide brimmed hats worn over an arming cap [87 & 91]. The arming cap would suggest westerners, but some Greeks in Breydenbach's Peregrinationes in Terram Sanctam, 1486, have arming caps under their hats. The manuscript of The pilgrimage of the Knight Arnold von Harff, 1496-1499, has Greeks and Turks in hats over arming caps. The only arming cap I have spotted in William Caoursin's Obsidionis Rhodie Urbis Descriptio (A description of the 1480 siege of the city of Rhodes) is worn by a Turkish pasha.

Mirror site:
The Crucifixion, by Andreas Pavias, Crete, second half of the 15th century

Druzhina
15th Century Illustrations of Costume & Soldiers

As an example of artists inspired by (copying) previous works, here is
The Crucifixion, by Emmanuil Lampardos, Crete, 17th century. Most of the main characters are similar to those in The Crucifixion, by Andreas Pavias.

Mirror site:
The Crucifixion, by Emmanuil Lampardos, Crete, 17th century

Druzhina
17th Century Illustrations of Costume & Soldiers