Originally Posted by p. 119
For the most part, the Chinese cosmological discourses on the earth and the seas
reflected this imperial ideological geography that postulated the Four Seas
circumscribing a square earth. Of the three major cosmological traditions in
premodern China, two of them—the Theory of Vaulted Heaven (Gaitian shuo)
and the Theory of Spherical Heaven (Huntian shuo)—as well as their later
variants, tacitly or explicitly subscribed to this world picture. The third, the
Theory of Infinite Empty Space (Xuanye shuo 宣夜說, literally, “theory of ‘ubiquitous
darkness’”), was simply too abstract to have much bearing on such a
matter. As already noted in Chapter 2, one version of the Theory of Vaulted
Heaven depicts a heaven covering the surface of the earth and pivoting daily
around its center point. The earth is said to be square at its base and domeshaped
on its top.