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An Outline of Western Zhou History
The Western Zhou (Xizhou 西周) period is a highlight of moral government and enlightened rule in the thinking of the Confucianists. In the Zhou Dynasty's eyes, heaven-appointed King Wen "the Cultured" 周文王 received the heavenly mandate (tianming 天命) of overthrow the depraved last king of the Shang Dynasty.
Shang oracle bones and careful examination of the historical texts instead show that the conquest of the Shang area was mere a result of the general eastern expansion of the Zhou people. Myths of the moving of the capital from Bin 豳 (or 邠) to Qishan 岐山 or Hao 鎬 are proved archeologically. Around 1150 BC, the Zhou moved from the Fen River 汾水 valley in modern Shanxi to the Wei River 渭水 valley in Shaanxi where they settled among the Rong 戎 and Di 狄 barbarians.
After overthrowing the Shang Dynasty (a defeat that must have come quite suddenly for the Shang), Zhou rulership was in no way assured. It was not a foreigner who now acted as the enemy, but King Wu's 周武王 own half-brothers that challenged his rule. It was only after the defeat of his own family that the Zhou king could establish a reign that expanded rapidly beyond the old political borders of the Shang states.
When King Wu died, he wanted his half-brothers Duke Dan of Zhou (Zhou Gong Dan) 周公旦 and Duke Shi of Shao 召公奭 to assist the young ruler King Cheng 周成王 in government. The later tradition sees in Duke Dan a founder of Chinese civilisation, more than the kings themselves. The Duke was said to have invented historiography, the strucure of government (see the Classic Zhouli), the divining by milfoil stalks (shi 蓍), and much more. The Zhou rulers had two capitals, Zongzhou 宗周 (near Xi'an/Shaanxi) in the east in their homelands, and Chengzhou 成周 (or Luoyi 雒邑; near Luoyang/Henan) in the east where the Shang culture had its cradle. The Zhou were successful in subduing the Shang people and the tribes to the east. Their rule stretched from modern Shaanxi to the Shandong peninsula and the Peking area. But the "barbarians" (Non-Chinese) of the south and the west were strong enough to repel the Chinese Zhou. The Xu 徐 people of modern Jiangsu even attacked the eastern capital during the reign of King Mu 周穆王, King Zhao's 周昭王 southern campaign against the peoples of Chu 楚 failed. An attack of the Quanrong 犬戎 or Xianyun 玁狁 at the begin of the 8th century BC forced the Zhou elite to leave the western capital and to settle down east in Chengzhou (near modern Luoyang), an event that for the first time proved the superiority of the steppe warriors over the settled agriculturist Chinese. The following later half of the Zhou period is called "Eastern Zhou" (Dongzhou 東周).
King You and the End of Western Zhou Period
Although the Confucianists see the Western Zhou period as a time of glory, humanity and perfect government, it was a hard time for the Zhou rulers to survive the attacks of the southern and western tribes. But for more than two centuries, they reigned without severe interruption. The case of King You 周幽王 gives nourishment to the Confucian writers who blame him to have followed the words of his consort Baosi 褒似, thus making him equal to King Zhou 商王紂 of the Shang Dynasty and tyrant Jie 夏王桀 of the mythical Xia Dynasty. King You had established a warning system of towers that had to light a fire when the barbarians would attack. Baosi abused this system just for fun. When the Quanrong nomads 犬戎 really attacked, nobody hurried to the weapons. The fleeing Zhou elite had to dig their precious bronze vessels in hoards, a great luck for today's archeologists.
Spring and Autumn - A Period of Disintegration
One of the oldest traditional texts of China is the chronical of the state of Lu 魯, beginning in 722 BC and stretching down to 481 BC. It covers political events not only of the mere small state of Lu itself but also of the major states of Qi 齊, Jin 晉, Qin 秦 and Chu 楚 that dominated the politics of these three centuries. The entries in the Lu chronicle are regulary noted down per year and per season, thus giving the whole historical period the name of "Spring and Autumn" (Chunqiu 春秋時代). Historically seen, the period started when the Zhou 周 rulers had to flee from their western territories in 770 BC and moved their base from Zongzhou 宗周 to Chengzhou 成周 (or Luoyi 雒邑/modern Luoyang) in the Yellow River Basin, furthermore not being able to expand their domains. The end of the period came, when the few states taking over the de facto rule of old China, disintegrated by intern quarrels and gave up their decade-long politics of (almost) peaceful coexistence during the middle of the 5th century BC.
The second great historical writing of the Spring and Autumn period is the collection Guoyu 國語 "Discourses of the States", which accounts anecdotes of the states Zhou, Lu, Qi, Jin, Zheng 鄭, Chu, Wu 吳 and Yue 越. Said to be a composition of Zuo Qiuming 左丘明 (because much of the material is similar to the Annals of Zuo 春秋左傳, a kind of complement to the Spring and Autumn Annals), its oldest parts must have been compiled at the end of the 5th century BC. See a table of the feudal lords (zhuhou 諸侯) of the whole Zhou period.
The ba 霸 Hegemonial System: From Lord Protector to Overlord
The fleeing Zhou elite had no strong foothold in the eastern territories. The Zhou kings had to rely on the help of their neighbour states not even to protect themselves from raids by other powers but also to solve intern power struggles. The first lord to help the Zhou kings was Duke Zhuang of the state of Zheng 鄭莊公 (r. 743-701). He was the first to establish the system of hegemonial rulers (ba 霸), which was intended to keep up the old feudal system once founded by King Wu of Zhou 周武王 in the 11th century BC. Later historians said it was intended to protect the original Chinese states from the intruding barbarian tribes Man 蠻, Rong 戎 and Yi 夷. But in fact, all states of old China had a multi-ethnic population, which could not really be divided into Chinese and Non-Chinese. Tribes that were ethnically and culturally different from the ruling elite were scattered all over the country.
After Duke Zhuang's death, the two dukes Huan of Qi 齊桓公 (r. 685-643) and Wen of Jin 晉文公 (r. 636-628) made a step further in institutionalizing the system of the hegemon. The protecting task of the overlord gradually lost its original intention to become a system of hegemony of one major state over weak satellites of Chinese and "barbarian" origin. The attitude to help small states during internal quarrels changed to regular intervention into political affairs to the advantage of the great states. The two states not only perfected their own strength but repelled the southern State Chu whose ruler had proclaimed himself king and whose armies step by step intruded into the Yellow River Basin. The contending states Qi, Qin, Jin and Chu finally met for a disarmament conference.
During the relatively peaceful 6th century, the two southern coastal states Wu 吳 and Yue 越 emerged as new powers. After defeiting king Fuchai 吳王夫差 of Wu, king Goujian 越王句踐 of Yue (r. 496-465; actually a "barbarian") became the last overlord. The hegemons are also called Wu Bo 五伯 ("Five Counts"), identified as Duke Huan of Qi 齊桓公, Duke Wen of Jin 晉文公, Duke Mu of Qi 秦穆公, Duke Xiang of Song 宋襄公, and King Zhuang of Chu 楚莊王.
During the Spring and Autumn period, more and more land was made arable by implementing the system of rotating crops, thereby enhancing the general nourriture. Additionally, iron ploughshares became widespread during the 5th century. The peasants who had to render a slavelike civil and military service to their lords, worked the so-called well-fields (after the character for well jing 井) with nine compartiments. The fruits of the central field had to be rendered to the lord. Theoretically, all fields belonged to the king, but even in the several independent states, a crop tax of a nominal tenth was gradually introduced.
Iron was thought to be an inferior metal and thus only used for ploughshares, not for weapons. Industrial production of ceramics and bronze tools became widespread during the Spring and Autumn period. Interstate relationship was not only conferred to war and peace conferences, but there was also an intensive trade between the different regions. As commerce slowly emerged, it was also necessary to produce and to standardize coins.
The Era of the Warring States
A very intensified warfare, not in number of battles, but in length and professionalism of the particular campaigns gave this period its name. The old army of a fighting aristocracy was replaced by a general led infantry (similar to old Greece and Rome and the European Middle Age), with peasants pressed to be human material and commanders almost being independent from their lord. New weapons like halberds and crossbows came up, chariots and archers supported the armor and iron helmet protected infantry. The warring states erected garrisons and walls along their frontiers, military advisors tried to defeat foreign armies, and wandering persuaders (the most famous being Su Qin 蘇秦) proposed the best alliances with other and against other states. In this time of political division, a great diversity of thinkers (called the "Hundred Schools" baijia 百家) tried to persue different rulers to make their best way.
Coalitions to Rule the World
The Warring States Period began with the brutal extinguishing of the ruling house of Qi (the Jiang 姜 clan) by the house of Tian 田. The Tian clan took over the rulership of Qi in 481 BC. In the small state of Lu 魯, already in 562 BC the three Huan 桓 families had replaced the house of Ji 姬. At the begin of the 5th century, five families in the state of Jin 晉 began to engage in a civil war for the rulership of this state. Three of them, the clans Wei 魏, Hann 韓 (written with two "nn" to distinguish it from the Han 漢 Dynasty) and Zhao 趙, finally overcame their rivals and founded their own states, dividing Jin. In 424 BC they mutually recognized their independence. The king of Zhou only recognized this partition in 403 BC.
A century later, when the different states had already begun many of their interal strucural reforms, marquis Hui of Wei was the first ruler to call himself king (wang 王): King Hui the Benevolent of Liang 梁惠王. Besides the "barbarian" (Non-Chinese) states of Chu 楚, Wu 吳 and Yue 越 in the south, he was the first ruler to disrespect the traditional position of the powerless kings of Zhou. One by one, the other states followed.
But they were in no case united against the kings of Zhou: the Zhou rulers were not more than the lords of a small territory. Warfare became the normal situation for the next century. Seven major states, Qin, Wei, Hann, Zhao, Yan 燕, Qi and Chu, fought in ever changing coalitions (zongheng 縱橫) against each other. In the end, only the well-reformed and half-barbarian state of Qin was able to overcome the others, being "like a wolf or a tiger". King Ying Zheng 贏政 of Qin conquered one state after the other and proclaimed himself the First Emperor in 221 BC, having unified the whole territory of ancient China.
at last, How to reply pic?I can't
The Kings of Eastern Zhou (Dongzhou) 東周 part I (770-475 BC): Spring and Autumn Period (Chunqiu shidai 春秋時代)
Capital: Luoyi 洛邑 (modern Luoyang 洛陽/Henan) or Chengzhou 成周
dynastic title
personal name
time
Zhou Pingwang 周平王 Ji Yijiu 姬宜臼 770-720 BC
Zhou Huanwang 周桓王 Ji Lin 姬林 719-697 BC
Zhou Zhuangwang 周莊王 Ji Tuo 姬佗 696-682 BC
Zhou Xiwang 周釐王 Ji Huqi 姬胡齊 681-677 BC
Zhou Huiwang 周惠王 Ji Lang 姬閬 676-652 BC
Zhou Xiangwang 周襄王 Ji Zheng 姬鄭 651-619 BC
Zhou Qingwang 周頃王 Ji Renchen 姬壬臣 618-611 BC
Zhou Kuangwang 周匡王 Ji Ban 姬班 612-607 BC
Zhou Dingwang 周定王 Ji Yu 姬瑜 606-586 BC
Zhou Jianwang 周簡王 Ji Yi 姬夷 585-572 BC
Zhou Lingwang 周靈王 Ji Xiexin 姬泄心 571-545 BC
Zhou Jingwang 周景王 Ji Gui 姬貴 544-521 BC
Zhou Daowang 周悼王 Ji Meng 姬猛 520 BC
Zhou Jingwang 周敬王 Ji Gai 姬[勹+亡] (i.e. 丐) 519-476 BC
Already during the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou kings had fully lost their authoritative position. Enfeoffments and politics were all made by the local rulers, especially by the few powers that were successful in gaining the overlordship over the smaller states. The five hegemons (wuba 五霸) of the Spring and Autumn period had taken over the supra-state role of a judge, an appeaser and an executor that once was observed by the kings of Zhou. When the seven great powers (qiguo 七國) of the Warring States Period (Zhanguo 戰國) proclaimed themselves kingdoms, the Zhou rulers had lost their last administrative role. They were not more than the scions of a once mighty house, and the only thing they had to perform were the ancestral rites and the worship of Heaven and Earth. Shortly before the occupation of the small Zhou territory by Qin 秦, it was divided into a western (Xizhou 西周: Henan 河南) and an eastern branch (Dongzhou 東周: Gong 鞏). The last years of the Zhou rulers are still not clear to historians. The Kings of Eastern Zhou 東周 (Dongzhou) part II (475-249 BC): Warring States Period (Zhanguo shidai 戰國時代)
Capital: Luoyi 洛邑 (modern Luoyang 洛陽/Henan) or Chengzhou 成周
Dukes of West Zhou (Xizhou 西周)
dynastic title
personal name
time
Zhou Yuanwang 周元王 Ji Ren 姬仁 475-469 BC
Zhou Zhendingwang 周貞定王 Ji Jie 姬介 468-441 BC
Zhou Aiwang 周哀王 Ji Qubing 姬去病 441
Zhou Siwang 周思王 Ji Shu 姬叔 441
Zhou Kaowang 周考王
Xizhou Huangong 西周桓公
Ji Wei 姬嵬
Ji Jie 姬揭; brother of King Kaowang
440-426 BC
Zhou Weiliewang 周威烈王 Ji Wu 姬午 425-402 BC
Zhou Anwang 周安王
Xizhou Weigong 西周威公
Ji Jiao 姬驕 401-376 BC
Zhou Liewang 周烈王 Ji Xi 姬喜 375-369 BC
Zhou Xianwang 周顯王
Xizhou Huigong 西周惠公
Ji Pian 姬扁 368-321 BC
Zhou Shenjingwang 周慎靚王 Ji Ding 姬定 320-315 BC
Zhou Nanwang 周赧王, the last king of Zhou Ji Yan 姬延 (or Dan 誕) 314-256 BC
Xizhou Wugong 西周武公
Dongzhou (Gong 鞏) Huigong 東周惠公
Ji Jiu 姬咎
Ji Ban 姬班; both sons of Xizhou Huigong
The Lord of East Zhou (Dongzhou Jun) 東周君
Xizhou Wengong 西周文公
255-249 BC
Enfeoffed by the Zhou Dynasty kings as Dukes (gong 公), Marquises (hou 侯) and Count (bo 伯) of different territories, these feudal lords (zhuhou 諸侯) gradually became independent from their liege lord. Dukes started to call themselves kings, and marquises rose to the rank of duke or king. In the ruler lists, rank increasings are written in bold types. Personal names - as reported - of the feudal rulers are written in brackets behind the posthumous temple name, e.g. Liang Huiwang 梁惠王 (Ji Ying 姬罃).
For Western Zhou and the Spring and Autumn Period, Chinese historians accept 13 official feudal lords (incl. Wu), for the Warring States Period 6 (with Qin 7) although the smaller states were still existing.
The feudal lords are listed by state and by time, the states can be chosen from the dynamic maps below, the time lists (only in Chinese and without date) from the small table to the right.
http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History...udallords.html
Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn Period: ZHOU 周 Qin 秦 Chen 陳 Yan 燕
Lu 魯 Chu 楚 Cai 蔡 Wu 吳
Qi 齊 Song 宋 Cao 曹 (Yue 越)
Jin 晉 Wey 衛 Zheng 鄭 [Ba 巴 and Shu 蜀]
Warring States Period: ZHOU 周 Hann 韓 Chu 楚 Yan 燕
Qin 秦 (Zheng 鄭) Yue 越 Qi 齊
Wei 魏 Zhao 趙 (Cai 蔡) Song 宋
Wey 衛 Zhongshan
中山 Lu 魯 [Ba 巴 and Shu 蜀]
Chinese and Western historians call the type of government of the Zhou Dynasty a kind of feudal system (fengjian zhidu 封劍制度) because in many parts, the custom of enfeoffment was similar to Middle Age Europe.
The basic structure of Zhou government is said to be described by the Zhouli Classic 周禮, a book compiled during the 3rd century BC.
The king was assisted by the Three Dukes (Sangong 三公: Grand Preceptor Taishi 太師, Grand Mentor Taifu 太傅, Grand GuardianTaibao 太保) and the Three Solitaries (Sangu 三孤).
The rule over the outstretched area of Zhou China made it necessary to give a large part of the territory as feuds (guo 國; the rest was the royal domain) into the hands of trustworthy people (called feudal lords zhuhou 諸侯). The territories of Lu 魯 (Shandong), Jin 晉 (Shanxi), Cai 蔡, Cao 曹 and Wei 衛 (all Henan) were given to relatives, the far territories of Qi 齊 (Shandong), Chen 陳 (Henan), and Yan 燕 (Peking) came into the hands of generals. The domains to the west and south (Qin 秦 and Chu 楚) were ruled by peoples more distant to the Chinese of the Yellow River Basin. All of them were bestowed with different grades of nobility, called the five ranks (wujue 五爵: "duke" gong 公, "marquis" hou 侯, "baron" bo 伯, "count" zi 子, "viscount" nan 男), all with an appending territory.
The vast area made it necessary to establish a bureaucracy to manage the government. The general administration was in the hands of six ministers (qing 卿), surveying the six ministries (Liubu 六部): Ministry of State (Tianguan 天官, headed by the Chancellor Zhongzai 冢宰), Ministry of Civil Administration and Social Welfare (Diguan 地官, headed by the Minister of Education Situ 司徒), Ministry of Rites (Chunguan 春官, headed by the Minister of Rites Zongbo 宗伯), Ministry of War (Xiaguan 夏官, headed by the Minister of War Sima 司馬), Ministry of Justice (Qiuguan 秋官, headed by the Minister of Justice Sikou 司寇), and the Ministry of Works (Dongguan 冬官, headed by the Minister of Works Sikong 司空).
The officialdom was divided into three ranks (ministers qing 卿, grand masters dafu 大夫, and servicemen shi 士) and nine honors (jiuming 九命 or jiupin 九品, each of the ranks divided into upper, ordinary and lower shang zhong xia 上中下). The office of the scribe (shi 史) became more and more important. From the personal rule of the shaman king of Shang times, the rule changed to a king that was simply the head of many officers among whom the ministers, intendants and provisioners became more and more important. Even military affairs had to be handed to the authority of generals. With the younger generations, the relatives became more distant and had to be enfeoffed with their territories. These territories would become more and more independent from their king in the course of centuries. Sometimes like during the reign of King Xuan 周宣王, succession struggles in the small states had to be solved by the king himself.
The feudal system established by the first Zhou rulers had disintegrated during the Spring and Autumn period. The enfeoffed lords became rulers themselves. Among the multitude of big and small fiefdoms, a few gained hegemony over the smaller ones, including the territory of the Zhou kings. The permanent warfare made it necessary to build up standing armies and to create a centralized state. The most succesful state in reorganising its political structure was Qi under the guidance of Guan Zhong 管仲 (d. 645). "Master Guanzi" 管子 divided the territory into administration units and likewise organized traders, artisans, soldiers, citizens and peasants in units controlled by officials, that were rewarded or punished according to their effectiveness. This kind of centralized state would be much more capable to cope with all matters that required a strong organisation like war and public work. Guanzi was the first Legist, a thinking school that should later be fundamental for the founding of the Chinese Empire. The other states one by one copied this system, giving up the old kinship official system. Instead of ministers (qing 卿) and secretaries (dafu 大夫), related to the lord's family, a class of professional officials called shi 士 took over the state service, additionally gaining high specialized knowledge in both military and civil service. Confucius mourned his life long for the old elite and their rites that now suffered a social downward. As a crucial person in the new administration, some prime ministers (xiang 相) could dominate over the whole state, making the ruler a simple puppet in their hands.
But it was not only the bureaucracy that caused a drastic change in state affairs. Becoming independent from their former lord, the king of Zhou, the dukes (gong 公) of the great states enfeoffed their own followers with new territories. Several of these families could gain independence from their lord, like the families Zhao 趙, Wei 魏 and Han 韓 (sometimes written "Hann" to distinguish it from the great Han 漢 Dynasty) in the state of Jin. The feudal system with the king of Zhou at the top thereby dissolved gradually.
The Zhou culture is apparently a mixture of different cultures of peoples that lived in the Wei River walley. After leaving the Zhou plain to expand their realm, the Zhou people adopted keenly the culture of the subdued Shang people. Oracle bone divination, bronze casting for sacrificial purposes and burying rites were almost the same as the Shang rulers used to impose. Writing was first used to comment divination results on bones and to write down enfeoffments and events of great importance upon bronze vessels that were buried with the deceased nobles together. But the Western Zhou also developed their own style in decorating vessels. Ornaments and vessel types became quite different from the Shang motifs earlier.
But historical events during the Western Zhou period were also written down upon bamboo strips, that did not survive, but whose texts were transmitted through the centuries. The most important texts to the Zhou tradition became also the core texts of the later Confucian classics: The "Books of Documents" (Shangshu 尚書 or Shujing 書經, literally "Texts of the Old") is a collection of speeches and discussions from the mythical Xia and the Shang Dynasty to the end of Western Zhou period. The "Book of Songs" (Shijing 詩經) is a collection of hymns, critics and popular songs from the Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn periods. The third great text is the "Book of Changes" (Yijing 易經), a manual for milfoil divination said to have been compiled by King Wen or the Duke of Zhou.
The Hundred Schools of Thought (baijia 百家)
In a time of warfare and state reforms, practical advisors were the most wanted teachers. Very successful were the Legists or Legalists (fajia 法家) who were the most respectless to enforce the ruler's authority. Almost all of them were engaged in the state of Qin who should be the winner of the great war centuries: Guan Zhong 管仲, Lord Shang Yang 商君鞅, Li Kui 李悝, Shen Buhai 申不害, Shen Dao 慎到 and finally Han Fei 韓非.
Another practical school was that of Military treatises (bingjia 兵家), with the examples of the famous Sunzi 孫子 The Art of War, Sun Bin 孫臏, Wuzi 吳子, Yu (Wei) Liaozi 尉繚子, the books Sima fa 司馬法 and Liutao 六韜.
The third practical school was that of Coalition persuaders (zonghengjia 縱橫家), meaning geographical vertical coalitions and horizontal coalitions, with or against the state of Qin in the west. The most important book is the Stratagems for the Warring States Zhanguoce 戰國策 (also translated as "Intrigues"), including many anecdotes of persuaders, making it a novel-like work of very attractive character. The book Yanzi Chunqiu 晏子春秋 is also a book of this category.
The most known school outside of China is the Confucian one (rujia 儒家). Confucius (Kongzi) 孔子 did not create new things, but he said his duty is to hand down old good knowledge and customs. In his eyes, the sage rulers of old had enough humanity and righteousness to gather the people in their domain and to rule without weapons and punishments. His follower Mengzi 孟子 assumes that man is good by nature. Nonetheless, social division in upper and low, reigning and serving is the only way to avoid chaos and war. The youngest Confucian, Xunzi 荀子, on the contrary, assumes that mankind is naturally evil and therefore has to be guided by ritual and rules. The collection of Confucius' sayings is called the Analects or Lunyu 論語.
Rivals of the Confucians were two schools of thought, that are not very known outside of China. The first is the school of Mohists (mojia 墨家) with the only representative Mozi 墨子. Mozi castigates not only the lavishness of his contemporaries, fighting against expenditures for burials, rites and music. His greatest merit as "the oldest socialist" was the proposal of an all-sided love that would overcome murder and war, poverty and envy. The second school is that of the Divine Farmer (nongjia 農家), proposing the equality of everyone, thus forcing even a king to engage in farming.
The second great religion of China, after Confucianism (means ancestral ritus), is the Taoism (daojia 道家), whose most important pre-Han books are the Daodejing 道德經 of Laozi 老子 and the book Zhuangzi 莊子. All of them show as an integral concept of Taoism the withdrawal from the worldy affairs and the self-cultivation. The latter concept results in the seek for eternal life with different methods like herbal drinks or meditation, leading to the development of alchemy. The Zhuangzi even sees a throughout relationship in every existing thing that one has to overcome, making the Taoism similar to Buddhism.
The many other schools of thinking like the Sophists (mingjia 名家) Hui Shi 惠施, Deng Xizi 登析子 and Gongsun Long 公孫龍 or the Hedonist Yang Zhu 楊朱 cannot be separated from either Mohist thinking nor from Taoism. Most of their theories are only scattered (three examples of Sophist debating: "A white horse is not a horse", statements of Hui Shi and "Zang has three ears"; examples for Hedonist thinking) in different books like the collection Lü Shi Chunqiu 呂氏春秋, whose structure shows the Correlative Thinking of the two principles Yin and Yang 陰陽 and the Five Phases or Elements (wuxing 五行). The relationship between the Hundred Schools and their difference is mostly shown in their unlike interpretation and emphasis of underlying terms like tao 道 ("way"), de 德 ("virtue"), ren 仁 ("humanity"), yi 義 ("righteousness"), li 禮 ("etiquette") and li 理 ("order").
Recently many unknown books have been unearthed from Warring States tombs. These texts evidently show how important philosophical schools were to help a ruler to survive in a difficult time.
Except the Hundred Schools, there is still existant an abundant library of books from the period of Warring States. Almost all books said to have been composed during the Zhou Dynasty, were only written down in the last centuries of it. Among these are geographies (the book Shanhaijing 山海經 refers to many magical animals in different regions), books of ritual, historical and poetical character (like most of the so-called Confucian Classics, the Book of Documents Shujing 書經, the Book of Poetry Shijing 詩經, the Book of Changes Yijing 易經 and the Book of Etiquette and Rites Yili 儀禮. A very interesting book is the Poetry of the South (Chu Ci or Chuci) 楚辭 (ascribed to Qu Yuan 屈原), that shows the mystical, nature-bound character of the southern thinking.
Very very nice, this will be another one I'm looking out for. ~:cheers:
序（一）
序（二）
围棋本源
一、话“游戏”
二、说“田”
三、话“模仿”
四、说“天文”
五、话“地理”
六、说“建筑”
七、话“韧”
基本术语
八、话“术语”
九、说“劫”
十、话“气”
十一、说“形”
十二、话“厚”
十三、说“断”
十四、话“筋”
十五、说“腾挪”
十六、话“应手”
十七、说“打入”
十八、话“定形”
十九、说“弃子”
二十、话“复盘”
棋艺纵横
二十一、话“味”
二十二、说“美”
二十三、话“节奏”
二十四、说“线”
二十五、话“序化”
二十六、说“时机”
二十七、话“转换”
二十八、说“借径”
二十九、话“分寸”
三十、说“品”
三十一、话“四艺”
三十二、说“入神”
纹枰思维
三十三、话“易”
三十四、说“因果”
三十五、话“经纶”
三十六、说“逻辑”
三十七、话“模糊”
三十八、说“感觉”
三十九、话“现象”
四十、说“阴阳”
四十一、话“玄”
四十二、说“数”
四十三、话“心理”
四十四、说“静功”
四十五、话“棋道”
四十六、说“韬略”
枰外功效
四十七、话“忘忧”
四十八、说“境界”
四十九、话“中医”
五十、说“人文”
五十一、话“礼”
五十二、说“企管”
五十三、话“公关”
五十四、说“五得”
小结
五十五、话“定义”
五十六、“围棋与人生”对应录
what with all the numbers and names? are those the provinces from the map
No,they are some Igo's nomenclature word.:)
秦
齐
晋
楚
赵
魏
韩
宋
燕
吴
越
周
鲁
郑
陈
蔡
卫
中山
匈虏－－西戎＼北狄＼山戎（北戎）＼
东夷－－九夷＼淮夷＼东莱＼州来＼荆舒
南蛮－－骆越＼扬越＼寿糜＼夜朗＼且兰＼苍梧＼僰＼
叛军－－陆浑戎（允，严）＼骊戎＼茅戎＼东山皋落氏＼赤狄（甲氏＼咎如．．）
........
Qin
Qi
Jin
Chu
Zhao
Wei
Han
Song
Song
Yan
Wu
Yue
Zhou
Lu
Zheng
Chen
Cai
Wei
Zhongshan
Xionglu
Dongyi
Nanman
Slave
.....
Please tell me how to reply with pic-map?
Hey swordolf, to post a pic, you first need to upload it. I suggest www.imagesshack.us.
Then, put [img][/img] tags around the link to that image.
So for an example, click on quote my message to see how I did it:
:furious3: :furious3: :furious3: :furious3:
not working?
To swordolf:
Click reply.
This would bring you to a new screen with all the options and the reply window.
Click on the Yellow Square with Mountain button. This is the image input button. The image you want to post should have been uploaded already. If it is still not possible, I think you can post the picture at You Xia and then I'll post it for you here.
I see
Also, be sure that you don't have chinese characters in the filename because I don't think English based boards support it.
http://img24.echo.cx/my.php?image=11il.jpg
Chunqiu warring states age
disasters
http://img186.echo.cx/my.php?image=disasters1sy.jpg
map_features
http://img186.echo.cx/my.php?image=mapfeatures6ua.jpg
grounds
http://img186.echo.cx/my.php?image=m...ndtypes9bs.jpg
map_regions
http://img186.echo.cx/my.php?image=mapregions9wv.jpg
http://img186.echo.cx/my.php?image=mapregions3kz.jpg
http://img186.echo.cx/my.php?image=radarmap20ek.jpg
Taiwan of CHINA ~:cheers: ~:grouphug:
http://img186.echo.cx/my.php?image=00006ke.jpg
shanghai
http://img186.echo.cx/my.php?image=00014oq.jpg
Tibet altiplano
:duel:
http://img186.echo.cx/my.php?image=00025jt.jpg
up!!!! :help: :furious3: ~:eek: :dizzy2: ~:cool: ~:cheers: :book: :charge: ~:confused: ~:handball: :duel:
Any new units you guys are creating or have completed?
Where does one go about downloading this mod?
Also, I notice that the game interface in the screenshots are in chinese, can someone with another language play it, or will i have to spend the summer learning?
The mod is not complete yet, the chinese text will be put into both the city will display in pinyin and china's character. This way you can read it just like english.
Cool ~D
by hanben.
the river's width have be increased.so the navy can run on the main riverway, you can stay on some keypoints of rivers to stop your enemy. the river's stratagem value will be show. China's DEM is very different from euopea's. great mountains and rivers and passes can effect on your great stratagem!
http://img187.echo.cx/my.php?image=11ct.jpg
http://img280.echo.cx/my.php?image=23oo.jpg
http://img280.echo.cx/my.php?image=30ge1.jpg
http://img280.echo.cx/my.php?image=40mz.jpg
http://img280.echo.cx/my.php?image=77ee.jpg
http://img280.echo.cx/my.php?image=87wl.jpg
The Great wall, the famous Pass and so on will show on the map. let's waitting together for China-Warring states Age. :duel:
http://img280.echo.cx/my.php?image=11nr.jpg
ChinLong is coming! ~D :duel:
http://img292.echo.cx/my.php?image=14mp.jpg
up ! :furious3: :furious3: :furious3:
So when is the predicted time of a beta, or release?
may be 2 month later , a beta will release . the final version will release with the new version of B:RTW
Will a cross-bowmen unit be available? I'm pretty sure they existed in this time period.
yes of crouse ...
FYI, even repeater crossbow units would be available. We have checked for authenticity. An archaeological digging unearthed a repeater unit in the Yue region.
There'll be regional advantages. For example, the southern states would have an advantage in ranged attacks. According to the records, the Qin clan of Chu came up with the crossbow and they have been using that weapon system ever since.
The northern states would have an advantage in cavalry and mobility. The central plains would have an advantage in infantry toughness and chariot tactics. There's also state advantages. So this is going to be a pretty deep game.
:) I'm so anxious for screenshots! China is probably the least represented empire in gaming history.
Guys, if your going to have the rivers made using sea so that boats can travel up them, how can you have bridges?
I think that they're just using thin portions of sea-water to represent rivers. At least, I'd do it.Quote:
Originally Posted by Myrddraal
Agreed, along with some Indian factions.Quote:
Originally Posted by Type Name Here
------------------------------------------
This mod is looking good from what I could see. Is this mod based on historical accuracy ? No fantasy units allowed. ~;)
Bridges been absent wouldn't really both me that much, I mean, if you were in a state of war, your bridge wouldn't be able to be crossed by your foe anyway, using boats means you'd have to sail your forces across (Chi Bi is on example I do believe where boats were used on a river, I can't remember the exact details, not in the period they are depicting but it was done).
I prefer been able to sail my forces up and down a river than march them down to a bridge which could be miles away really.
Yeah, I guess there should be more game made about china history; since it history can even be more violent than the history of europe.
Yes that is what they're suggesting, but you'd have to sacrifice bridges to do it. If thats what you want though. It might be of interest for you to check out the ferries thread in the general forum, though I doubt they'll be able to get it to work.Quote:
I think that they're just using thin portions of sea-water to represent rivers. At least, I'd do it.
Well, there's no major bridges across the great rivers. So ports would make a great deal of sense.Quote:
Originally Posted by Myrddraal
http://img68.echo.cx/img68/3500/xiongshi9zk.jpg
This is the elite late era trooper of the Chu state.
They are armed with sword, crossbow, halberd and shield.
They are also the most heavily armored soldier of the southern states.
http://bbs.netshowbbs.com/showthread...hreadid=455196
many new pic have be out! ~:cheers:
It's looking good, sephodwyrm. :bow:
http://img65.exs.cx/img65/5373/wuzu0ao.jpg
I shouldn't ignore you guys. Btw, visit the exclusive Zhan Guo subsection at TWC.
http://www.twcenter.net/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=72
hey I heard there is a qin mod, know where we can find it?
thanks TWC to give us a sub-fourm , everybody can find more information in here
http://www.twcenter.net/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=72
this fourm support us a complete own space to display all thing there .
Is everything in this mod going to be in chinese?
there will be a english version .
more building screenshot here
https://img63.imageshack.us/img63/5525/00073pm.jpg
https://img219.imageshack.us/img219/8234/15pl.jpg
https://img67.imageshack.us/img67/4941/00044xa.jpg
https://img63.imageshack.us/img63/566/00339au.jpg
https://img63.imageshack.us/img63/7915/00390ks.jpg
https://img63.imageshack.us/img63/2504/00415pv.jpg
https://img66.imageshack.us/img66/9692/00422rv.jpg
want more information and more history , and more online chat about this mod please go to our sub-fourm in TWC
http://www.twcenter.net/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=72
the new feature are getting better everyday :)
wow -like new game
where i can download this mod
Looking very good, although the buildings could do with some more vibrant textures. But that's just nitpicking, keep up the good work!
the mod is developing , 20% have completed
20% have completed -I think need long time for finish
yes , our mod is complete different from other mod , if you need a mod just have new factions and new units , that will be more easy and take a few time to finish it . we are doing many thing , not only create the units but buildings and movie . so it must the biggest mod in the world .
Wow this seem to take forever only 20% in four month :)
new music mod have been done.this mod is made of more the ten film's muisc
music come from movie list
Taegukgi (Korean movie)
Backdraft
Troy
Pearl Harbor
King Arthur
Kingdom of Heaven
Black Hawk Down
Gladiator
The Rockets
Brave Heart
Alexadnder
Band of Brothers
list of music
01_-_Main_Theme1.mp3
01_taegukgi_(Prologue).mp3
02-Woad_To_Ruinp1.mp3
02-Woad_To_Ruinp3.mp3
08_Hans_Zimmer-War.mp3
11_James_Horner_-_The_Love_of_a_Princess.mp3
vangelis_-_alexander_ost_-_(02)young_alexander.mp3
vangelis_-_alexander_ost_-_(03)titans.mp3
vangelis_-_alexander_ost_-_(13)across_the_mountains.mp3
vangelis_-_alexander_ost_-_(16)dream_of_babylon.mp3
03-Do_You_Think_Im_A_Saxon1.mp3
05_James_Horner_-_Attack_on_Murron.mp3
09_-_The_Slave_Who_Became_A_Gladiator.mp3
09-Hector's_Death.mp3
Backdraft07-You_Go,_We_Go.mp3
vangelis_-_alexander_ost_-_(12)preparation.mp3
01_-_Opening-Beginning_The_Battle.mp3
02-Woad_To_Ruinp2.mp3
03_-_Barbarian_Horde.mp3
03-Do_You_Think_Im_A_Saxon2.mp3
06_James_Horner_-_Revenge.mp3
06-Budget_Meeting1.mp3
08_teagukgi_(Combat).mp3
10_-_The_Trap.mp3
10_James_Horner_-_The_Battle_of_Stirling.mp3
vangelis_-_alexander_ost_-_(04)the_drums_of_gaugamela.mp3
vangelis_-_alexander_ost_-_(05)one_morning_at_pella.mp3
vangelis_-_alexander_ost_-_(07)eastern_path.mp3
07_-_Secrets.mp3
09_-_Caravan In The Desert.mp3
vangelis_-_alexander_ost_-_(06)roxane's_dance.mp3
vangelis_-_alexander_ost_-_(08)gardens_of_delight.mp3
03_-_Jade.mp3
Hans_Zimmer_-_(09)Of_The_Earth.mp3
03_-_Earth.mp3
05_Hans_Zimmer_&_Lisa_Gerrard_-_Sorrow.mp3
11_-_Not_Yet.mp3
13_-_Maximus.mp3
this mod is about 130m big , so i need some place to upload this mod . please give me a link .
Create by Waitcu from Pillar mod team
our Zhanguo mod sub-fourm in TWC(in here you can get more information more than here)
http://www.twcenter.net/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=72
vale , rome is not build in a day , what's more , this mod is complete a new game . many things must be done . and now ,the unit is complete in 30% ,well because , many of our memebers should earn their living , and in June July August , are the most busy months in china for company . so reacently the works of mod get some delay . please understand our difficulties that one is reluctant to mention
Hey, if you need help with 'breaking out' of the niche language limitation by providing alternative versions in English, I'll gladly do the translation; I'm effective bilingual in both languages.
But... can you use jian ti instead of fan ti Chinese (sorry, I don't have my Chinese software with me now)? It's kinda hard to read the traditional form of Chinese cos some future Zhanguo players will have been schooled in the simplified version...
But apart from that, it looks really cool, and I'm quite happy to see that at last there's a mod that will be able to factor the present Senate's function in and make it fit into the historical context.
Oh, on a lighter note, the sight of hastati fighting on Chinese city walls amused me no end :-)
A question: The Warring States armies were massive, often in hundreds of thousands. Given this what's unit size going to be like? Wil you still preserve the 240-maximum size, or will you go on to even greater numbers?
well thanks for you help , add my msn waitcu@hotmail.com
the unit size i think that's no way to change /////
break through of RTW "pass" come true
camping map
https://i18.photobucket.com/albums/b117/waitcu/3.jpg
battle map
https://i18.photobucket.com/albums/b117/waitcu/1.jpg
Nice; I'm looking forward to this mod more and more. Good character portraits too.
i forget to explain of those new photo
It's a mountain pass, with a fort stuck in the pass. That way, to get through to the city you can't simply walk around the fort, rather you have to attack it.
Thank you for the explaination waitcu, thing are looking really good here; keep up the good work guys.
Good god. Total conversion indeed. Can hardly wait to play this.
Heh why you using the names of those cities during 3 kingdom period though? not to meantion the general pics and faction names etc........
because this mod is three kingdom mod , we are also developing this mod too
Two mods at once? A three kingdoms mod and a zhan guo mod?
I believe that a zhan guo mod is more practical and fits the themes of total war better. Three Kingdoms games should focus on personnel management and individual heroes. The concept of total war lies in mass armies and collective conquest under command of generals - therefore zhan guo fits better.