The War of The Spanish Succession/Great Northern War

:sweden:

A summary of the Swedish army (navy was given above) at the onset of the war.

The Swedish army is comprised of two types of troops: Indelinsverket and Varvade (uhmlaut on first a).

The Indelnsverket was the backbone of the Swedish army. Unlike most European nations that conscripted peasants in an ad hoc fashion, Sweden instituted a system where each province had to provide a regiment of regular infantry (1200 men each) and some also had to provide a regiment of cavalry (1000 men each). Unlike peasant conscripts, these men were professional soldiers for most of their lives. The men themselves were provided by the local 'rote' or military ward. Basicially, to avoid conscription, each large farm agreed to provide a full-time soldier. When the soldier wasn't busy with soldiering, he came home and lived in his own house, provided by the rote. Sweden raised 20 infantry regiments and all 8 of its cavalry regiments this way.

There was also the Varvade, or the enlisted units. These provided additional infantry regiments as well as the artillery. These were hired soldiers raised by means of direct recruiting in cities and larger towns. In terms of training, there was little difference between infantry regiments raised through the allotment system versus the enlistment system.

Land Forces:

In 1700 (outbreak of hostilities), Sweden commands an army of 77,000 men. During the course of the war, this number will swell to 120,000.

Infantry:

-20 regiments (1200 men each) of Indelnsverket; regional units.
-28 regiments (1200 men each) of Varvade; (guard units, grenadiers, etc).

Unlike most European nations, which were fighting in squares (rank fire), Sweden used a very aggressive tactic when in the field. Essentially, they would charge up to within 50 yards of the enemy. Their rear 2 ranks would fire. They would then run another 25 yards, where the front 2 ranks would fire. They would then charge the enemy and engage in hand to hand combat. To support this aggressive tactic, Sweden fielded all men with bayonets and 1/3 of the men actually held pikes, not rifles. When standing in squares and engaging in rank fire, Swedish infantrymen had the highest rate of fire of any troops in Europe.

total: 57,600 men

Cavalry:
-12 regiments (1000 men each)
total: 12000 men

Swedish cavalry is almost all curaisser (heavy shock) type. The Swedish army does not use dragoons (mounted infantry) and only use very little light infantry. During the course of the war, they did pick up some light infantry in the form of an alliance with the Prince of Kiev (Ukranian forces) seeking independence from Peter's Russian Empire. These were cossacks, very similar to Russian cossacks, however Sweden did not field very much in the way of light cavalry themselves.

Artillery:
-15 brigades (500 men each)
total: 7500 men

I can't find a number on the guns. I'll keep looking.

Swedish artillery is more advanced than other forms of artillery of the time. Not only have the Swedes developed more advanced metallurgical techniques, they are one of the very few armies in Europe that do not rely on civilians to transport, limber and unlimber their guns (the civilians departing for the battle, thus rendering the guns immobile). In fact, the Swedes invented horse artillery at this time. They also added side racks to the caissons, to allow 3 men per rack to move their field pieces, even after they had been unlimbered.

Regiments were only used for mustering purposes. In battle, the Swedes divide their infantry regiments into 2 battalions (600 men apiece). These were further divided into 4 companies (150 men apiece). Each battallion had its own field commander. Cavalry regiments were divided into 4 squadrons (250 men each). Each squadron had its own field commander.

The first Polish Army was created in the 10th century kingdom of Poland, under Piast dynasty. The prince's forces were composed of a group of armed men, usually mounted, named drużyna. Their key role was the protection of the monarch and supporting the taxation effort. Their organisation was similar to other such armed units of other Slavic rulers, and were often of foreign origin.

Commonwealth armies were commanded by four hetmans. The armies comprised:

Wojsko kwarciane: Regular units with wages paid from taxes (these units were later merged with the wojsko komputowe)

Wojsko komputowe: Semi-regular units created for times of war (in 1652 these units were merged with the wojsko kwarciane into a new permanent army)

Pospolite ruszenie: Szlachta levée en masse Commonwealth hussarspiechota łanowa and piechota wybraniecka: Units based on peasant recruits

Registered Cossacks: Cavalry made up of Cossacks, who were recruited until 1699

Royal guard: A small unit whose primary purpose was to escort the monarch and members of his family

Mercenaries: As with most other armies, hired to supplement regular units Private armies: Usually paid for and equipped by magnates or cities.


Some units of the Commonwealth used fairly unique tactics. These units included:

Hussars: heavy cavalry armed with lances; their charges were extremely effective until advances in firearms in the late 17th century substantially increased infantry firepower.

Cossacks: general name for all Commonwealth units of light cavalry, even if they did not contain a single ethnic Cossack; fast and maneuverable like oriental cavalry units of Ottoman Empire vassals, but lacking the firepower of European cavalry such as the Swedish rajtars.

Tabor: military horse-drawn wagons, usually carrying army supplies. Their use for defensive formations was perfected by the Cossacks, and to a smaller extent by other Commonwealth units.



Still looking for numbers, I am. :wall:

You've also got the Saxony army at your disposal, right King Jan? In fact, aren't you technically Augustus the Strong, a Saxon, sitting on the Polish throne?

Found some stuff about Austria

The alternative candidate was the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I , of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty. He was a first cousin of the King of Spain, his mother having been another sister of Philip IV; moreover, Charles II's father, Philip IV, had given the succession to the Austrian line in his will. This candidate, too, posed formidable problems, for Leopold's success would have reunited the powerful Spanish-Austrian Habsburg empire of the sixteenth century. In 1668, only three years after Charles II had ascended, the then-childless Leopold had agreed to the partition of the Spanish territories between the Bourbons and the Habsburgs, even though Philip IV's will entitled him to the entire inheritance. In 1689, however, when William III of England required the Emperor's aid in the War of the Grand Alliance against France, he promised to support the Emperor's claim to the undivided Spanish empire.

I'm guessing I'm going from Leopold the First, since he died in 1705, to Charles VI, since he was the HRE leader from 1711-1740?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles..._Roman_Emperor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_...ish_Succession

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Originally Posted by Franconicus

- more than you might want to know ~;)

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Show me :deal2:

:book: Let me summarize:

The strength of the armies during peace time was in 1700 (some could be raised significantly, esp. Poland and Russia):

Austria: ???
Bavaria: 11,000
Brandenburg: 7,000
Denmark: 35,000 (+5,000 of Norway)
Dutch: 90,000
England: 25,000
France: 400,000
Kursachsen: 30,000 (Poland had no permanent army?)
Russia: 35,000
Spain: ???
Sweden: 77,000
Otto Emp.: 320,000

Note the Dutch always had 90,000 men, in peace and war.

Quote:

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Originally Posted by Don Corleone

You've also got the Saxony army at your disposal, right King Jan? In fact, aren't you technically Augustus the Strong, a Saxon, sitting on the Polish throne?

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Ja, ja, I am. :sweatdrop:

Franc, Poland levied troops by demand...

I would put them at 100,000 troops (possibly). Plus the Saxon infantry and artillery, which could by 30,000 men.


Polish Demographics

Right!

So there is still Austria and Spain. Could not find anything.

So let me guess :7fortuneteller: :

Austria is certainly stronger than Bavaria or Brandenburg and certainly weaker than France. It has armies in the west, in the east and in the south. I assume that the total strength of its armies at war including contingents from its non Austrian counties should be 90,000 to 120,000.

The Austrian also command forces of the Empire. I think these came more or less from the smaler duchies, and only if those agree. I think the minor duchies (like Holstein or Hannover or Würtemberg may have around 5,000 each.


Spain does not seem to have a big army. It is no longer a superpower. The population is small, (many left the country and went to the new world) and the finances are ruined by the wars against France. The trade monopoles are breaking (slaves!!!).

My guess is that Spain has about 30,000 soldiers at Spain and another 20,000 at Italy. I guess it mayb be able to raise many militia. Additionally, it has a significant numbers of soldiers in the colonies, but these are hard to rate.

Do you have a better idea?

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Originally Posted by Franconicus

Right!

So there is still Austria and Spain. Could not find anything.

So let me guess :7fortuneteller: :

Austria is certainly stronger than Bavaria or Brandenburg and certainly weaker than France. It has armies in the west, in the east and in the south. I assume that the total strength of its armies at war including contingents from its non Austrian counties should be 90,000 to 120,000.

The Austrian also command forces of the Empire. I think these came more or less from the smaler duchies, and only if those agree. I think the minor duchies (like Holstein or Hannover or Würtemberg may have around 5,000 each.


Spain does not seem to have a big army. It is no longer a superpower. The population is small, (many left the country and went to the new world) and the finances are ruined by the wars against France. The trade monopoles are breaking (slaves!!!).

My guess is that Spain has about 30,000 soldiers at Spain and another 20,000 at Italy. I guess it mayb be able to raise many militia. Additionally, it has a significant numbers of soldiers in the colonies, but these are hard to rate.

Do you have a better idea?

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Yea, I was able to find the Leaders of Austira and that, but can't find how big my miltiary force is and such.

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DoH: Will there be an end of the game, a year when the story reaches its end? Will there be targets for the players?

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Yes the end date will be 1730 I will post the details of the victory conditions in a couple seconds with the rules post.

Good anylaisis of strength Franc, I think bout 100,000 plus troops from the smaller duchies would be a good estaimate for Austria. For spain I am less sure, swordsmaster should have a better idea although 50k dosn't seem to far off.

Quote:

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Austria: ???
Bavaria: 11,000
Brandenburg: 7,000
Denmark: 35,000 (+5,000 of Norway)
Dutch: 90,000
England: 25,000
France: 400,000
Kursachsen: 30,000 (Poland had no permanent army?)
Russia: 35,000
Spain: ???
Sweden: 77,000
Otto Emp.: 320,000

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A commen number for Poland/Saxony I've heard is about 100,000 once they've got thier army mobilized and fully put in the field.

Rules:

The turn will start with me posting a narration of what happened last turn. After the description I will post a series of decisions that you need to make this turn. You are welcome to use any of the suggestion that will be posted under it or make your own course of action as long as it is historically possible. You are not limited to the decision topics and may branch out and may change anything else you want. Be warned that all actions have their consequences.

Examples of actions that you will make include:

In the public thread:

A. Public declarations of war
B. Propaganda, this can effect public option in the story.
C. Changes in your government or official stances
D. Diplomacy

In PM. (Note: some info may leak)

A. Starting a war without a public declaration
B. Private diplomacy with other leaders by P.M. Note that I will play all Non Player Factions (NPF's)
C. Military plans: You can be as broad as you want (attack X city) or make complicated plans.
D. Military reforms and government reforms

Declaring a Winner

In this interactive there will be multiable winners in four different categories. Who ever holds one of these categories at the games end (1730) will be declared a winner. The categories and there current holders are:

Master of the Baltic: Sweden
Dominant Continental Power: France
Dominant Colonial Power: Holland
The power in the east: Ottomans

The master of the Baltic title will go to the most powerful nation in the Baltic sea region. This will be determined by both wealth and military might. Dominant continental power will be rewarded to the nation holding the most power and influence in Western and Central Europe. The third victory title will be measured by both the number of colonies and the wealth of the said colonies. Ability to control the trade routs between these will also be crucial in determining the winner. Lastly the power of the east is mainly focused on south-eastern Europe and will be determined by the nation with the most influence in the Balkans, Turkey and the Black Sea. Please note that it will be possible for one nation to achieve more then one of these goals. At the begaining of every year (every four turns) I will post a list updating the status of each victory condition.

Question:

Right now, at the onset of the game, have Saxony/Poland, Russia and Denmark officially declared war on me, after their Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye?

Offiacaly no, you are at peace. Historicaly Saxony attacks in Febuary and Denmark in march. Russia dosn't follow untill the summer.

Kingdom of Denmark and Norway

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikiped.../Frederik4.jpg
King Frederick IV of Denmark and Norway
Diplomatic Stances
The Kingdom of Denmark has recently signed the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye with the rulers of Saxony and Russia. This is an alliance which places them opposed to the King of Sweden.

Royal Marriages
Currently Frederick has no daughters, and only one son, Christian VI who is one year old. This means he is largely unable to effect Dynastic marriages. He does however have blood relations with Charles XII of Sweden and Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, who are both his First Cousins and both waged war on his father.

Claims
Apart from the territory it already owns, Denmark was always looking for a way to seize hold of Holstein-Gottorp, as well as southern Sweden.

Economy
I really can't find anything for this, except that Danish culture and trade somewhat flourished after the first part of the War.

I currently have a population of about 2/3 of a million, including Norway I blieve. This is mostly agricultural. However, I do control part of the crossing into and out of the Baltic Sea, meaning I can threaten to close the passes off if I wish.

Army
About 40 000 soldiers at this time. They are decent soldiers, but nowhere near as good as Sweden. They are armed with a flintlock weapon and a long infantry sword. There is also a small Grenadier group in the army.

Navy
I can't really find anything. It is smaller than the Swedish Navy, though it is likely to have a fiar amount of experience.

Problems
Freerick is the only known Danish King to have two wives a the same time.

I see if I can finish my Austria thing by SUnday. I can't find anything about my army online.

Don't worry about it to much KingWarman, it's intented to give players some background information on the setting of the interactive before we start. You can do a decent job playing just off the information in the chapters.

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Originally Posted by Don Corleone

Of the Swedish Empire and her noble rulers, the Vasa Dynasty

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The last Vasa regent was Queen Kristina (1644 - 1654). Charles was of the family Pfalz (ruling Sweden since 1654), or House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken as it is in English.

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Originally Posted by Don Corleone

Our army is relatively small

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Depends on what you mean. In relation to its population, Sweden anno 1700 had the largest army in Europe.

On artillery, might I add that during the first phase of the Great Northern War (1700 - 1707) Sweden only used a minimal amount of artillery. During the Russian campaign of 1708 - 1709 a lot more artillery was used however.

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Originally Posted by Destroyer of Hope

Don't worry about it to much KingWarman, it's intented to give players some background information on the setting of the interactive before we start. You can do a decent job playing just off the information in the chapters.

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alright, I do my best to at least find the size of my army thoyugh:yes: :beam:

Hear ye, hear ye... word has reached his majesty, Charles XII, king of Sweden, Livonia, Pomerania, et. al, of a treaty enacted by Denmark, Saxony and Russia. In response to inquiries, this treaty has been represented as a pact of mutual-defense. While such an act is completely unnessary, Sweden has no ambitions on any foreign territory, we recognize and respect the right of nations to enter into defensive pacts. If that is truly all this document represents, it will most likely expire, never having come into affect.

However, if our suspicions prove true, and the true intent of this pact is indeed agression towards the mighty empire of Sweden, we warn you to turn back from this foolish course of action at once. While we are a peace-loving people at heart, we have no qualms with fixing bayonet to rifle and defending what is ours.

We also note for all to recognize the recent conversion of Augustus II of Saxony from Lutheran to Roman Catholic. We recognize that this conversion was done out of naked ambition for the Polish throne. We call upon all good Reformist followers of Christ, in Denmark, Saxony, Sweden, the United Provinces, the United Kingdom to stand firm and hold to the Peace of Augsburg! If Augustus II turns Catholic, how long before the Pope has his hands in the politics of London? Of Amsterdam? of Copenhagen? What did we fight about for those long, bloody, 30 years if not to check the power of the ever-treacherous agents from Rome and Vienna?

Men of Saxony, we call upon you as good Christian men, resist your corrupt elector and his lies. Remember, Satan makes excellent promises of glory as well. But on judgement day, let your soul be clean, with the conscience of a saint dwelling in your heart. We will support you as you throw off the shackles of yet another Papist plot. Rise against Augustus and Sweden will join you in making Europe God's kingdom on Earth once again.

Last Addmendment to the Rules

Fog of War
To repersent the somewhat uncertainity of information in this time, the troop numbers in the chapter will be just vauge estaimtes. While the general numbers and events will be correct only the nations of the said army will know the exact numbers. To a second degree the nations neighbuers will have a better idea about the exact numbers of the army and any major troop movements or concentrations. This is to repersent the spy's and increased trade that allow more rumors to come through. For example Saxony marches an army and takes Riga, if that army had a real strength of 40,000 the general report may list it at 46,000. Sweden, Russia, Austria and Brandenburg may have the strength listed at 42,000. Ruses can increase this number subject once again to logistical abillity. Examples of major movements informed of would be Saxony gathering an army in Dresden, once again Austria Sweden Russia, Denmark and Brandenburg would know that there was a army based their just not how many men, untill it enters the scope of events and thus the chapters.

Quote:

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Originally Posted by Destroyer of Hope

A commen number for Poland/Saxony I've heard is about 100,000 once they've got thier army mobilized and fully put in the field.

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100,000 is also a number I've come across. :yes:

:egypt:

7000 seems a little weak...

Yah, even my 40 000 seems to be on the slim side...

A Message to the Kingdom of England and the United Netherlands

Dear King,

You have found yourself in a most unusual and outrageously unnatural situation. You have come into possession of the United Netherlands, a land that has enjoyed its freedom for many years.

With this has come great power and wealth to you. Your naval vessels trade far and wide, reaching both the West and East Indies and even arriving in my own home port of Copenhagen.

Yet with this power comes threats.

All of the great powers of Europe fear for the people of Ireland, who have most recently come under your terrible yoke. You insisted on conquering the several Soverieng nations that made up Ireland. This is a most unfortunate thing.

Now you find yourself with the United Netherlands under your control. With this comes the greratest Navy in the World. This is a threat to all of the Sovereigns in the World! It is a situation that God did not intend, that much everyone must admit.

Further, your heightened wealth could only be put to one use. That is the conquest of all nations of the World, including my people. I have a responsibility to them to ensure that you do not set one foot on Danish soil.

For these aformentioned reasons, Denmark announces that it will put in place an embargo on the English and the UNited Netherlands until England renounces its claim on the throne of the Netherlands. The minute this is announced, English ships will eb able to enter the port of Copenhagen.

I would like to stress that this is not an outright Declaration of War and as such the Nations of Europe have nothing to lose by joining me in my endeavours.

Frederick IV,
King of Denmark and Norway

CA:
Get your history right:
1. Willem III is Dutch to start with, he is not English
2. He claims no throne, both are legally accepted

If you want to go at war with me and Tran you'd better come up with a proper reason :bounce:

Quote:

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1. Willem III is Dutch to start with, he is not English

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Then the English should get their own King. There is no need to bring the two great naval powers of Europe together at the cost of all others.

Quote:

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2. He claims no throne, both are legally accepted

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I relinquish this point, but it changes nothing. The Embargo stands.

Willem III:

As stadhouder of the Republic I can say that your points are missing everything. First of all I'm the legal King of England, I happen to have married an English princess, she became Queen, so they made me King. I am the only legal ruler of both countries accepted by the wide world.
Next to that, you'll be happy to know I'm childless, that means that when I die both countries will need to seek for a new ruler, and I doubt they will choose the same. But I'm not dead yet.

BTW, if you don't want to trade I can easely arrange that your ports are blockaded, no problem whatsoever.

Senseless aggression is not needed.

William, be reasonable. By laying claim to the Dutch lands as stadholder and the British lands as king through your marriage, you effectively control a navy that unbalances all trade within Europe. I find myself surprised, but convincingly so to agree with my cousin on this matter. Frederick is right, you cannot threaten the trade of other nations so nakedly. Your intention to wield your command of the North Sea like a club was made immediately apparent with your outright threat against Frederick and the blockade of his ports. Even though he has formally entered into an alliance with Saxony and Russia, with the implied intent of depriving me of my lands, as a Baltic trader, I too must formally request a restoration of balance.

So long as the admiralties of both the United Provinces and the United Kingdom answer to you alone, so too will Sweden refuse to deal in commerce with either nation.

A Message to the King of Sweden

Dear Cousin,

We have had our differences in the past, yet I am truly glad to hear of your levelheadedness in this matter. I shall drink a toast to our success and look forward to news of the King of England and the Netherlands abdicating his joint throne.

Willem III (note: this is Stig speaking as Holland, Tran is England):
I lay no claim to anything. I've been elected stadholder, the people wanted me.
Sides not being able to trade with Denmark and Sweden is not my problem. We already have everything we need, you need us to get the luxuries from the New World, or the spices from India. It's your own decision, know that. If your people become unhappy because the of the loss of luxuries that is not my problem.

Know this, you have created something that will cause more problem to you than to us. We have the goods we want, you need us to get them.

:france:

First Naval Act:

To foster the national economy and trade, the French King announces that every foreign ship that enters one of the Mediterranean harbors of France, has to pay a 40% tax on the incoming and outcoming goods.

:sunny:

:france:

His majesty,Louis, King of France is not amused about the news from the Baltic Sea. Some countries form a defensive alliance which in return worries Sweden.

We would like to remember all countires to the terrible destruction of the 30 years war. Think twice before you start a new senseless war.

I offer all of you my help in this conflict.

:sunny:

Announcement of His Catholic Majesty Carlos II Habsburg, King of Spain:

Since the unfortunate and unforeseen death of prince Joseph-Ferdinand of avaria the Crown has decided to name a new successor, who is to be Philippe, Duke of Anjou, and son of the King of France. He is to inherit all of our realms, powers, and privileges, and he should be a good King to his people.

All of the grandes of the Realm, as well as the owners of all banks, trade companies, and generals, admirals, and everyone who owns hereditary land should swear an oath of personal loyalty to the new Prince of Asturias who should be arriving to Spain shortly.


First Naval Decree:

In order to have continuity with the policy of the King of France, any vessel that is not of Spanish, French, or Ottoman nationality will be taxed at 45% of the value of the cargo it is carrying.

Diplomatic vessels are exempt from this decree, as well as the vessels from the domains of His Holiness.

The Habsburg army
Foundation of the Habsburg Army

One can say that the Habsburg army was founded when after the thirty years war the emperor decided to hang on to 24,500 men even though he was at peace. This new 'standing' army then first came into action in the war between Sweden and Poland (1655-1660). In 1663 and 1664 it fought the Turks, and after that it took part in the 'Guerre de Hollande' to 1679. Together with the Poles it then got the great victory over the Turks at the siege of Vienna in 1683. The subsequent campaign against the Turks led to conquest of Hungary by which Austria became a great power. The fact that the simultaneous campaign in the west ended less well was deplorable but not as significant as the annexation of Hungary.
The support for the Habsburg Army

http://www.spanishsuccession.nl/armies.html
fyi

To Charles XII of Sweden:

I, Leopold I, has had the emissaries of Poland/Saxony came to my Capital requesting a alliance, which I accpected. I Meet Augustus not to long Ago personally, and I felt uneasy of what he told me. From What I understand, you threated him into not provoking a war. Also, I found out now that you are spreading progranda into Saxony from what I understand, in order for them to rebel against Augustus!

If you deice to Military launch any sort of Action against Sweden, we will have no choice to laugh a offensive to Sweden itself, and I will personally bring you head back to Austria! Our Forces have been alerted. Be careful Charles!






Leopold I of Austria

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Originally Posted by {BHC}KingWarman888

The Habsburg army
Foundation of the Habsburg Army

One can say that the Habsburg army was founded when after the thirty years war the emperor decided to hang on to 24,500 men even though he was at peace. This new 'standing' army then first came into action in the war between Sweden and Poland (1655-1660). In 1663 and 1664 it fought the Turks, and after that it took part in the 'Guerre de Hollande' to 1679. Together with the Poles it then got the great victory over the Turks at the siege of Vienna in 1683. The subsequent campaign against the Turks led to conquest of Hungary by which Austria became a great power. The fact that the simultaneous campaign in the west ended less well was deplorable but not as significant as the annexation of Hungary.
The support for the Habsburg Army

http://www.spanishsuccession.nl/armies.html
fyi

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Cool link, thanks!

Quote:

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Originally Posted by Don Corleone

Hear ye, hear ye... word has reached his majesty, Charles XII, king of Sweden, Livonia, Pomerania, et. al, of a treaty enacted by Denmark, Saxony and Russia. In response to inquiries, this treaty has been represented as a pact of mutual-defense. While such an act is completely unnessary, Sweden has no ambitions on any foreign territory, we recognize and respect the right of nations to enter into defensive pacts. If that is truly all this document represents, it will most likely expire, never having come into affect.

However, if our suspicions prove true, and the true intent of this pact is indeed agression towards the mighty empire of Sweden, we warn you to turn back from this foolish course of action at once. While we are a peace-loving people at heart, we have no qualms with fixing bayonet to rifle and defending what is ours.

We also note for all to recognize the recent conversion of Augustus II of Saxony from Lutheran to Roman Catholic. We recognize that this conversion was done out of naked ambition for the Polish throne. We call upon all good Reformist followers of Christ, in Denmark, Saxony, Sweden, the United Provinces, the United Kingdom to stand firm and hold to the Peace of Augsburg! If Augustus II turns Catholic, how long before the Pope has his hands in the politics of London? Of Amsterdam? of Copenhagen? What did we fight about for those long, bloody, 30 years if not to check the power of the ever-treacherous agents from Rome and Vienna?

Men of Saxony, we call upon you as good Christian men, resist your corrupt elector and his lies. Remember, Satan makes excellent promises of glory as well. But on judgement day, let your soul be clean, with the conscience of a saint dwelling in your heart. We will support you as you throw off the shackles of yet another Papist plot. Rise against Augustus and Sweden will join you in making Europe God's kingdom on Earth once again.

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I do not appreciate such blatent lies being spread about my person. Are we not all brothers and sisters in Christ? As Boleslaus II proved in the 11th Century, not even the Church's agents were safe from the power of the Polish throne. Besides, the last I checked, Augustus, not Innocent, bishop of Rome, was King of Poland.:thumbsdown:

The offer of the Swedish monarchy to aid in any rebellious activity in Saxony is, in my view, an outright proclamation of aggression against our peaceful nation.

To The Swiss Confederation:


I, Leapold I, would like to open a trade argeement with the Swiss Confederation, Along with a Allaince. I know they are netual, unless provoked, Although I think a allaince with benefit us.




Leopold I

Anouncement of the Most Serene Republic of Venice

We must express worry at the heavy tax levied by both Kings of France and Spain have laid on the exit to the Mediterranean. We strongly urge the lifting of these taxes in the interest of world trade.

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Originally Posted by King Jan III Sobieski

I do not appreciate such blatent lies being spread about my person. Are we not all brothers and sisters in Christ? As Boleslaus II proved in the 11th Century, not even the Church's agents were safe from the power of the Polish throne. Besides, the last I checked, Augustus, not Innocent, bishop of Rome, was King of Poland.:thumbsdown:

The offer of the Swedish monarchy to aid in any rebellious activity in Saxony is, in my view, an outright proclamation of aggression against our peaceful nation.

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No, we are not all brothers and sisters in Christ. You do not recognize us as such. We do not condone or accept all the trappings of power and prestige the Catholic bishops heap upon themselves, but we seek no war with them. The pope, on the other hand, has declared us Christian reformists to be deviants and heretics and has instituted numerous wars and other acts of aggression in an effort to force us to again bow before his throne.

As true followers of Christ, it is our duty to see to it that those who have had the grace of God bestowed upon them and have left the false church are allowed to remain in a state of grace. Forcing your Christian citizenry to convert back to the quasi-pagan trappings of Rome will damn you to hell, Augustus. We will do all we can to support your people and see to it that should they choose to defend their Christian faith, they are able to. We do not seek to encourage rebellion against a legitimate political authority, we seek to defend the faith of our Christian brothers in Saxony and protect their immortal souls.

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Originally Posted by {BHC}KingWarman888

To Charles XII of Sweden:

I, Leopold I, has had the emissaries of Poland/Saxony came to my Capital requesting a alliance, which I accpected. I Meet Augustus not to long Ago personally, and I felt uneasy of what he told me. From What I understand, you threated him into not provoking a war. Also, I found out now that you are spreading progranda into Saxony from what I understand, in order for them to rebel against Augustus!

If you deice to Military launch any sort of Action against Sweden, we will have no choice to laugh a offensive to Sweden itself, and I will personally bring you head back to Austria! Our Forces have been alerted. Be careful Charles!

Leopold I of Austria

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Leopold, you are a wise man and a strong man. Therefore, I will speak to you as such. I learned that Augustus was forming an alliance that he claimed was strictly defensive in nature. I told him that if all he wanted was defense, he and I would have no problems, but I did warn him not to tread upon Swedish soil. We will not sit back and allow him to attack our lands and cower in our homes.

I am not encouraging any political activity in Saxony. In the interests of their immortal soul, I am encouraging those good Christian men to hold true to their Reformist faith and continue in the practice of their faith as taught by Martin Luther. If Augustus respects the faith of his followers and makes no move to force their conversions to Catholicism, then he will have no issue.

But if Augustus thinks we will stand idly by while our Protestant brothers are deprived of their rights and forced to endure the yoke of Rome, he is gravely mistaken. We will do all we can to defend the immortal souls of our brothers.

As for your threat against Sweden, so noted. When you state military action against Sweden, I assume you mean Saxony. And as you do not specify offensive action, I can only take your words to mean that if we attempt to defend ourselves from aggression at the hands of Saxony, you will join them in their violence. So be it. We are prepared for the thieves to work together. Know this, you will not find us an easy victim, nor a willing one. You also have much to lose and we urge you to exhibit some of your famous wisdom and do not march in step with this brigand, Augustus. Sweden has no ambitious designs for offensive action against anyone. Your threat to attack us for defending ourselves will be viewed as offensive action by all civilized third parties.

As for taking my head to Vienna, Leopold, come and get it.... if you're man enough.

Just to let you know DoH, I have returned from my holiday. If you wish you can start sending me intructions and options. Thankyou for your patience.

You haven't missed much, Omanes. The first game turn hasn't started. Just some propaganda and posturing.

Thanks for that! I was a little confused since people were sending me a large number of treaties, offers and demands - I've never played an interactive history before. Thanks again.

Quote:

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Originally Posted by Don Corleone

Leopold, you are a wise man and a strong man. Therefore, I will speak to you as such. I learned that Augustus was forming an alliance that he claimed was strictly defensive in nature. I told him that if all he wanted was defense, he and I would have no problems, but I did warn him not to tread upon Swedish soil. We will not sit back and allow him to attack our lands and cower in our homes.

I am not encouraging any political activity in Saxony. In the interests of their immortal soul, I am encouraging those good Christian men to hold true to their Reformist faith and continue in the practice of their faith as taught by Martin Luther. If Augustus respects the faith of his followers and makes no move to force their conversions to Catholicism, then he will have no issue.

But if Augustus thinks we will stand idly by while our Protestant brothers are deprived of their rights and forced to endure the yoke of Rome, he is gravely mistaken. We will do all we can to defend the immortal souls of our brothers.

As for your threat against Sweden, so noted. When you state military action against Sweden, I assume you mean Saxony. And as you do not specify offensive action, I can only take your words to mean that if we attempt to defend ourselves from aggression at the hands of Saxony, you will join them in their violence. So be it. We are prepared for the thieves to work together. Know this, you will not find us an easy victim, nor a willing one. You also have much to lose and we urge you to exhibit some of your famous wisdom and do not march in step with this brigand, Augustus. Sweden has no ambitious designs for offensive action against anyone. Your threat to attack us for defending ourselves will be viewed as offensive action by all civilized third parties.

As for taking my head to Vienna, Leopold, come and get it.... if you're man enough.

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King Charles,


you are a brave man for conforting both Me And Augustus. I am not scared of your threats, and you should be scared of mine though. Because I have doubts you will back them up, though I will back mine up!


When I stated a offensive, yes, I meant Saxony, (my mistake,sorry Don). But does not Matter! If you dare so launch any sort of offensive, or even move your army to "Defend" your borders, We will have no choice to attack Sweden. Your threating actions in my opinoin, should be viewed as a offensive action by all nations. Not Ours. Our Threats are for in Defense.

That is all I have to say. I will aderess you later.




Leopold I Of Austria

Quote:

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Originally Posted by {BHC}KingWarman888

King Charles,


you are a brave man for conforting both Me And Augustus. I am not scared of your threats, and you should be scared of mine though. Because I have doubts you will back them up, though I will back mine up!


When I stated a offensive, yes, I meant Saxony, (my mistake,sorry Don). But does not Matter! If you dare so launch any sort of offensive, or even move your army to "Defend" your borders, We will have no choice to attack Sweden. Your threating actions in my opinoin, should be viewed as a offensive action by all nations. Not Ours. Our Threats are for in Defense.

That is all I have to say. I will aderess you later.

Leopold I Of Austria

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So you are essentially stating that in looking to our defenses, you consider us to be posturing and will invade us, as a strictly defensive act. Sweden hears your statements and accepts your declaration of intent to invade us, no matter what the circumstances. We stand ready.

We have No Choice Charles, But to Declare War. Like you said, I am a Wise and strong fellow, and won't go down easily. I am Wise, and allied myself with Poland/Saxony and Russia. They, Augutugs and Peter the Great both accpeted my offer to invade. Our forces with moblizie shortly



Off Topic:

how are we extacly suppose to do battles again. Can you clear it up before we go head to head :-):?

Also, I hear my Non Austrian armies have 90,000-120,000 thousand, and my dutchies have 5,000 each. so I have around that amount?

Quote:

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Originally Posted by {BHC}KingWarman888

We have No Choice Charles, But to Declare War. Like you said, I am a Wise and strong fellow, and won't go down easily. I am Wise, and allied myself with Poland/Saxony and Russia. They, Augutugs and Peter the Great both accpeted my offer to invade. Our forces with moblizie shortly



Off Topic:

how are we extacly suppose to do battles again. Can you clear it up before we go head to head :-):?

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On what grounds? You've given no reaons to anybody for declaring war on us. You claim you have no choice but to declar war, but what has Sweden done to require you to declare war? Or is it naked aggression?

You pressued us to declare War. If We did not, you would greatfully would Charles!

Quote:

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Originally Posted by {BHC}KingWarman888

You pressued us to declare War. If We did not, you would greatfully would Charles!

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Had I wanted to declare war on you, my friend, I would have. Sweden is many things, but indecisive is not one of them. No shots have been fired yet. Let us both agree unfortunate words have been exchanged and let us discuss the situation like rational men. Sweden has no designs on Austrian territory, nor Saxon or Russian territory for that matter. Sweden simply seeks to live in peace with its neighbors, defend its borders and protect the religious rights of our Christian brothers. Surely these are rational goals.

I shall dispatch a team of emissaries to Vienna at once. Should you so desire it, we may make these multi-party talks with your friends from Saxony and Russia. Sweden does not look to fight, we prefer to talk. But we are prepared for either course of action.

Jaysus, the first chapter hasn't come out yet, and war's already declared. Talk about intercative :dizzy2:

Quote:

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Originally Posted by Don Corleone

Had I wanted to declare war on you, my friend, I would have. Sweden is many things, but indecisive is not one of them. No shots have been fired yet. Let us both agree unfortunate words have been exchanged and let us discuss the situation like rational men. Sweden has no designs on Austrian territory, nor Saxon or Russian territory for that matter. Sweden simply seeks to live in peace with its neighbors, defend its borders and protect the religious rights of our Christian brothers. Surely these are rational goals.

I shall dispatch a team of emissaries to Vienna at once. Should you so desire it, we may make these multi-party talks with your friends from Saxony and Russia. Sweden does not look to fight, we prefer to talk. But we are prepared for either course of action.

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We will hear what your emisssaries have to say. Hopefully they can persude us.

You claim that your actions have all been in response to a perceived threat by Sweden. Allow me to remove that perception. Sweden hereby vows publicly to take no offensive action against Austria or Russia. Provided Augustus respects the rights of our Christian brothers within his borders, we will take no military action against Saxony either.

That should be more than sufficient to assauge your fears. We can draft this statement into a formal peace-treaty.

We Accpect your "peace" proposal. we will keep our eyes open though....




Leopold I

So is that that? Was that the war of a Day?

Is peace being declared between you two powers? Can we, the other nations of Europe, look safely at our borders, and know we can walk freely?

I am glad to see that the storm is over. I have two proposals:

1) Let`s end the quarrel or Europe will be a field of ruins before the game starts.
2) Let us meet at Versaille at Christmas. Let us celebrate the new century. There will be finest wine and meal, all modern arts like opera, theatre, and philosophy, there will be the wonders of the garden of Versaille, there will be love and inspiration, and there will be enough space for diplomacy. Let us make this new cemtury a century of peace. Let us cement the status quo!

I want to invite especially my friends, the leaders of the German and Italian countries and the sultan of the Ottoman Empire!

:sunny:

Quote:

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Originally Posted by Don Corleone

You claim that your actions have all been in response to a perceived threat by Sweden. Allow me to remove that perception. Sweden hereby vows publicly to take no offensive action against Austria or Russia. Provided Augustus respects the rights of our Christian brothers within his borders, we will take no military action against Saxony either.

That should be more than sufficient to assauge your fears. We can draft this statement into a formal peace-treaty.

---

So be it! Followers of Luther and Calvin need not worry about their rights while I'm alive.

Quote:

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Originally Posted by Franconicus

I am glad to see that the storm is over. I have two proposals:

1) Let`s end the quarrel or Europe will be a field of ruins before the game starts.
2) Let us meet at Versaille at Christmas. Let us celebrate the new century. There will be finest wine and meal, all modern arts like opera, theatre, and philosophy, there will be the wonders of the garden of Versaille, there will be love and inspiration, and there will be enough space for diplomacy. Let us make this new cemtury a century of peace. Let us cement the status quo!

I want to invite especially my friends, the leaders of the German and Italian countries and the sultan of the Ottoman Empire!

:sunny:

---

Sultan Mustafa II of the Ottoman Empire graciously accepts this invitation, and looks forward to the splendors of Versaille and French wine.

Chapter I: The Edge of War

Diplomacy without arms is like music without instruments.
-Fredrick the Great


Tensions remain high in the north after the pact between Denmark, Saxony and Russia to attack Sweden. Each has not declared war, but rumors of future hostilities are making their way around the courts of the Baltic.

However one of members of the pact has its own problems to sort out before it can attack Sweden. Negotiations over a lasting peace with the Ottomans at the eve of the end of a two year cease fire, has at best frustrated the efforts of Russia to join the war. While the Russian fleet could probably break into the black sea and threaten Istanbul, but the more numerous Turkish army could easily overwhelm the Russians.

The Ottomans are not the last of Peter's of Russia’s problems. The previous year 3,000 of the professional core of the Russian army, the Streltsy, revolted and attempt to stop what they saw as the heretical changes of the Tsar's westernization program. Although they where crushed, they gave voice to the resent that much of the rest of Russia feels.

Meanwhile to the south, Europe finds itself once again scrambling to make sure the Spanish crown is not inherited by someone who will throw off the balance of power. The last treaty placed the crown in the hands of the Bavarian elector with Spain's Italian lands divided between Austria and France as a consolation prize. However the Elector has died and once again the throne comes into question.

In the past few weeks events have once again thrown Europe onto the brink of war. Charles II has left his entire empire to the French prince Philip, a move sure to provoke fear that Frances increasing power may be a threat to the rest of Europe.

Embargoes have also been aimed at William III until he abdicates one of his positions of duel ruler ship between the Seapowers.


So the nations of Europe stand ready to go to war. It is a time were nations can easily rise, and empires will tremble. And meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire waits in the east.


Choices:
The following will affect actions between January 1st, 1700 and March 31st, 1700

Austria:

1. The naming of Philippe as heir to the Spanish crown. You have your own claim through the archduke Charles and an relative to Louis XIV as the king of Spain could make France much stronger.
A. Announce that Austria does not recognize the will and march on France.
B. Demand that Italy is handed over to you in payment for France gaining the throne, in addition demand that France and Spain promise to never come into personal union.
C. Let it happen you have other things to deal with.
D. Other?

2. How to place your Troops? You currently have 80,000 men. Keep in mind that you need to garrison cities and boarders (orders here can be vauge, for example 25,000 men as garrisons)

3. In the event of war with France, what will the plans be?

A. Ask permission to march through Saxony or Bavaria and march on the French boarder.
B. Attack through Italy at the French friendly Duchy of Milan.
C. Other?

4. Any plans to increase the relatively poor incomes of Austria?


Bavaria:

1. Spain, Who shall you support?

A. Philippe of France’s Claim
B. Archduke Charles of Austria’s claim
C. Try to press the formers electors claim by arguing you are his heir.

2. Placing of the troops, where shall you concentrate your army? You have about 11,000 men keep in mind that you need garrisons.


Brandenburg

1. The alliance to the north and the impending war. What stance will you take?

A. Join on the side of the pact, this will give you a chance to gain Swedish Pomerania
B. Enter on Sweden's side, both Saxony and Poland are close by and territorial gains could lead to a joining of the now separated Prussian territory.
C. Maintain a stance of neutrality
D. Other?

2. A potential war in the south: As part of the HRE you owe troops to Austria in the event of war although in recent years you have been all but independent.

A. Contribute Troops but only on the condition that the Austrian Emperor declares you a separate kingdom at the end of the war.
B. Refuse citing the need to defend you territory from the war in the north.
C. Other?


Denmark:

1. When to launch the attack?

A. Immediately (January)
B. Wait until February
C. Wait until march
D. Declare War in April or beyond (next turn)

2. The plan: You have about 35,000 men, please keep in mind that you also need to leave garrisons. MAP GOES HERE

A. Attack Bremen and Verden in the west
B. Cross over to Norway and from there, march east towards Stockholm
C. As of B but march south once you have crossed into Sweden on Göteborg.
D. Other?

England:

1. Parliament has demanded that you remove all foreign advisers. What will your response be?

A. Yes, give into their demands
B. Deny them in the interest of maintaining the power of the sovereign
C. Cut a compromise by giving them a few positions of power in return for their support.
D. Other?

2. The Recent naming of Phillipe of France as heir to the Spanish Empire

A. Recognize him as King and don't make any complaints
B. Recognize Phillipe as King but insist that Austria is handed the Italian territories in payment.
C. Gather as many nations as you can and declare war immediately in order to "preserve the balance of power".
D. Make no official statement at this time.
E. Other?

3. In the event of war what shall the plans be?

A. Land an army in the Netherlands to help in their defense for the rest of the winter
B. As of A but take the offensive and march on Riems,
C. Land on the French coast and attack Caen, Brest or Rennes.
D. Other?

4. The embargoes and taxes aimed to hurt you trade, What action will you take?

A. Make an official condemnation but take no other action.
B. Return by using your navy to blockade the ports of the nations imposing these embargos. This could result in war.
C. Take no notice and hope the problem goes away.

5. Colonies, where well you focus your expansion efforts?

A. North Canada in area either unclaimed or disputed by France.
B. Africa
C. India
D. West from the thirteen colonies
E. The Islands of the Caribbean.

France

1. The naming of Phillipe as heir to the Spanish throne: it is likely that many will see this as a threat to their safety. What will do about this?

A. Support Phillipe's claim with the might of the French army.
B. Do not declare war but instead be content through supporting Phillipe's future throne with money and arms.
C. Pressure Phillipe to renounce all claims to the throne in order to maintain peace.

2. Shall you began to mobilize to war time 400,000?

3. Placing of the troops you currently have 250,000. Keep in mine you need garrisons in cities and boarder forts.

4. Plans in the event of war with Austria and the seapowers?

A. March north and attack The Netherlands while maintaining the offensive in the south
B. Seek permission to march through Bavaria and march on Prague or an other city.
C. Maintain the defensive until spring
D. Other

5. Where shall France focus it's colonization efforts?

The Netherlands:

1. The Recent naming of Phillipe of France as heir to the Spanish Empire

A. Recognize him as King and don't make any complaints
B. Recognize Phillipe as King but insist that Austria is handed the Italian territories in payment.
C. Gather as many nations as you can and declare war immediately in order to "preserve the balance of power".
D. Make no official statement at this time.
E. Other?

2. In the event of war what shall your plans be will you stay on the defensive, or attack?

3. The embargo, what should you do? You control key bases on the Cape of Good Hope and could block traffic to India.

A. Make an official condemnation but take no other action.
B. Return by using your navy to blockade the ports of the nations imposing these embargoes. This could result in war.
C. Cut off the access to India of all nations taking place in the embargoes.
D. Take no notice and hope the problem goes away.

Ottoman Empire:

1. The Janissaries have been gaining a large amount of power over the Sultan recently. How will you fix this?

A. Create your competing elite body, this will take time and may anger the Janissaries into action.
B. Gradual shift power away from the Janissaries to the nobles and other parts of the army
C. Disband them all together, this would most certainly draw their wrath.
D. Do nothing

2. Army reforms: Should you switch to the modern Flintlock musket or stay with the old matchlock?

3. The brewing tensions offer a chance to win back the land you lost in the recent war, if hostillities break out this turn will you attack? If yes then who?

4. Potential plans the case of war, where shall you place your 320,000 men. Keep in mind that you need garrisons.

5. Negations with the Russians. You need to renew the ceasefire. Will you accept Russian demands of an entry point to the black sea?(By PM)

Russia:

1. The Streltsy, the rebellious regiments have been disbanded leaving you with 18,000 Streltsy and 5,000 of the western model. While the other Streltsy have not revolted they have all expressed anger at your westernization program and their absence from Moscow.

A. Gradually disband and exile the Streltsy
B. Order them to obey orders anyway and put down any rebellions that result.
C.Keep them as garrison troops in Moscow.

2. The Pact to attack Sweden, When shall you attack?

A. Immediately
B. Wait until a peace treaty is signed with the Ottomans then attack
C. Do not attack this turn

3. Negotiations with the Ottoman Empire to renew the ceasefire. Will you press for a port on the black sea or settle with your entrance to the Sea of Azov.

4. The musket shortfall: Russia only produces 6,000 new muskets a year, what steps should you take to fix this problem?

A. Build factories to try to increase your production to 10,000 muskets a year by the end of the year. This may hurt your ability to carry out other projects for a short time.
B. Set out to buy muskets from nations with a Surplus (By PM or thread)
C. Learn to live with 6,000 muskets a year.

5. Plans for an offensive against Sweden:

A. Attack Narva on the coast of Livonia
B. Strike west into Finland
C. March on the Swedish fortress on Schlusselburg, once it falls it will open the way to the mouth of the Neva.
D. Other?

Saxony/Poland

1. Should the kingdom of Poland declare war with Saxony? The treaty only requires Saxony to declare war and the Polish diet is opposed to entering a major war with Sweden. Doing so would allow you to bring more men into the conflict.

2. What month should you attack in? Or shall you wait until next turn?

3. The offensive:

A. Attack Riga an important fortress for the Swedes
B. Attack the Swedish friendly Duchy of Courland
C. Other?

Spain:

1. The succession, your decision to name Phillipe of France your heir will certainly anger many other countries. What shall you do about this?

A. Give the Italian territories to the Austrian Emperor
B. Insist that the Empire stays as a whole but promise that the two kingdoms will never come into personal union.
C. Give away a few of the colonies in payment
D. Do nothing

2. The Debt how will you deal with it?

A. Cut expenses and raise taxes to slowly pay off the debt.
B. Ask that Louis XIV would pay off some of the debt in payment for you naming his Grandson heir
C. Sell off parts of the Italian possessions to make up the shortfall
D. Other?

Sweden:

1. The Pact to attack you should you wait for them to invade or attack first?

2. In the event of war who should you counterattack first?

A. Denmark
B. Saxony
C. Russia

Totally OOC- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsfVw9xxoNY
Sorry, but when I started thinking about it, I couldn't resist. "Tonight we're gonna party like its 1699!"

The deadline for decisions is August 20th

*removed as requested*

Uh, I think you're supposed to PM DoH the responses, rather than letting everyone know. I'd edit that thing quickly if I were you.

I know, acctendly press Post. I was just playing around with the answers

Quote:

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Originally Posted by {BHC}KingWarman888

*removed as requested*

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I ment for you to send these in PM so others decisions wouldn't be affected by yours.

don't know how to edit my posts,not letting me......

To the great King Louis of France,
I wish to trade muskets with you - at least 3,000 a year - I'm not sure of your production levels at this time though, so please excuse me if this is an unreasonable offer. I am willing to negotiate what I supply you in return.
Your's truly,
King Peter of Russia

Thanks CBR!

Peter The Great,

I would like to also trade muskets with you every year. Also, how about cannons? 5,000 muskets a year and 10 cannons?

To Leopold of Austria,
That would be perfectly acceptable. May I ask what you want in return though, I'm sure you won't provide such valuable items for free.
Yours truly,
King Peter I of Russia

Quote:

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Originally Posted by Omanes Alexandrapolites

To Leopold of Austria,
That would be perfectly acceptable. May I ask what you want in return though, I'm sure you won't provide such valuable items for free.
Yours truly,
King Peter I of Russia

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King Peter I,

what are you willing to offer?

Leopold,
I'm not too sure as I do not know the requirements of your country at current. Is there anything you may have in mind? I would prefer you to set the terms, understanding what you need.
Peter

Money,Building materials,Horses. Or whatever else you can offer well Peter.



Leopold I

Peter,

how much Money are you willing to pay for my goods?

For the sake of my sanity I am droping the Fog of war idea.

I'm very sorry to irritate you Destroyer of Hope, but may I ask what an acceptable price would be for Austria's muskets. Sadly I'm not a historian and have very little knowledge of the events of this time period. Thanks!

Was the Swiss trading anything good at this point DOH?

Stop worrying DoH!

The right price for muskets is the highest price someone is willing to pay and the lowest price someone is willing to sell for. Guess price will raise, once war started!

Swiss trade means one trade route from Italy to Germany! Not more, not less!