What's the Matter with Kansas: Religious Freedom versus Discrimination

Kansas has recently become a test case for a new type of anti-gay legislation being pushed by Christians across the US that abandons the fight against gay marriage itself and instead focuses on their obligation to recognize such marriages in their professional lives - both in the public and private sectors. The bill raises some interesting questions regarding the line between religious freedom and discrimination, especially when providing services to the public at large. It also attempts to make the distinction between discriminating against gay couples and gay individuals, arguing that the two are not one in the same.

Quote:

---

If that sounds overblown, consider the bill itself. When passed, the new law will allow any individual, group, or private business to refuse to serve gay couples if “it would be contrary to their sincerely held religious beliefs.” Private employers can continue to fire gay employees on account of their sexuality. Stores may deny gay couples goods and services because they are gay. Hotels can eject gay couples or deny them entry in the first place. Businesses that provide public accommodations—movie theaters, restaurants—can turn away gay couples at the door. And if a gay couple sues for discrimination, they won’t just lose; they’ll be forced to pay their opponent’s attorney’s fees. As I’ve noted before, anti-gay businesses might as well put out signs alerting gay people that their business isn’t welcome.

But that’s just the tip of the iceberg. In addition to barring all anti-discrimination lawsuits against private employers, the new law permits government employees to deny service to gays in the name of “religious liberty.” This is nothing new, but the sweep of Kansas’ statute is breathtaking. Any government employee is given explicit permission to discriminate against gay couples—not just county clerks and DMV employees, but literally anyone who works for the state of Kansas. If a gay couple calls the police, an officer may refuse to help them if interacting with a gay couple violates his religious principles. State hospitals can turn away gay couples at the door and deny them treatment with impunity. Gay couples can be banned from public parks, public pools, anything that operates under the aegis of the Kansas state government.

It gets worse. The law’s advocates claim that it applies only to gay couples—but there’s no clear limiting principle in the text of the bill that would keep it from applying to gay individuals as well. A catch-all clause allows businesses and bureaucrats to discriminate against gay people so long as this discrimination is somehow “related to, or related to the celebration of, any marriage, domestic partnership, civil union or similar arrangement.” (Emphases mine.) This subtle loophole is really just a blank check to discriminate: As long as an individual believes that his service is somehow linked to a gay union of any form, he can legally refuse his services. And since anyone who denies gays service is completely shielded from any charges, no one will ever have to prove that their particular form of discrimination fell within the four corners of the law.

---

I thought that this was all worked out during the civil rights movement, but apparently not. I am torn on this issue when it comes to the private sector. I do like the idea of a private business person being compelled to offer his or her services to anyone for any reason. However, I also do not that business person to benefit from the infrastructure my tax dollars fund to enforce his own brand of discrimination. On the other hand, public employees should never be allowed to deny service to any member of the public based on religious beliefs... its part of the job.

10 bucks says the next person caught for shoe-tapping in men's restrooms will be the person who wrote this bill.

Any takers?

also, you forgot the linky

Quote:

---

If a gay couple calls the police, an officer may refuse to help them if interacting with a gay couple violates his religious principles. State hospitals can turn away gay couples at the door and deny them treatment with impunity. Gay couples can be banned from public parks, public pools, anything that operates under the aegis of the Kansas state government.

---

Can even most criminals and aliens be treated this way? I hope that's all an exaggeration. If not, this is a clear case where the federal govt needs to crack down - hard.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by PanzerJaeger

I do like the idea of a private business person being compelled to offer his or her services to anyone for any reason...

---

I'm not sure what is there to like. Telling private businesses how to do business doesn't sound very pro-business.

I think private business should be able to serve whoever they want, and not serve whoever they want.

I for none would never go to a place that was openly discriminating gays, how about you?

It's the structural problem of gay bashing that is the problem, ie religion. We should attack that, not private businessmen wanting to live their life the way they want to.

I for one never taught black people skiing, as I quite like having the ski mountains as white little haven in an otherwise multicultural society. Haven't been much of an issue as blacks don't tend to ski. And if they DO want to learn to ski they are way better off with an instructor less racist than me anyway.

I don't think gay people WANT to hand their money to gay-haters anyway. Much better go elsewhere.

That said, public offices should of course be inclusive and not discriminate their services.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Kadagar_AV

I think private business should be able to serve whoever they want, and not serve whoever they want.

---

Yup.

Quote:

---

I for none would never go to a place that was openly discriminating gays, how about you?

---

Right, if it is a bad business decision, the market will punish them. Turning away paying customers doesn't sound like good business unless the loss of those customers brings many more of other customers.

Quote:

---

That said, public offices should of course be inclusive and not discriminate their services.

---

Right. The state cannot be allowed to discriminate. That part is non-negotiable.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Kadagar_AV

I for one never taught black people skiing,

---

Yep. Wouldn't want to be an oil-driller.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by rvg

Turning away paying customers doesn't sound like good business unless the loss of those customers brings many more of other customers.

---

The fear is that there would be no local alternative for those refused service, leading to ostracism and extortion. While I'm sure that this wouldn't seriously affect more than a small minority of an affected community, the fact remains that some will be, to various extents. Ultimately, the goal is both to avoid a corrosive influence on the social fabric and to force select prejudices to "die on the vine", so to speak, by maintaining an atmosphere in which everyone has in mind that certain discriminatory practices in general (i.e. not just in commerce) are looked down upon in our society.

There's also this perspective, that once a business decides to advertise its services to the public at large, it gives up the prerogative to pick and choose which customers to serve

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Montmorency

Yep. Wouldn't want to be an oil-driller.



The fear is that there would be no local alternative for those refused service, leading to ostracism and extortion. While I'm sure that this wouldn't seriously affect more than a small minority of an affected community, the fact remains that some will be, to various extents. Ultimately, the goal is both to avoid a corrosive influence on the social fabric and to force select prejudices to "die on the vine", so to speak, by maintaining an atmosphere in which everyone has in mind that certain discriminatory practices in general (i.e. not just in commerce) are looked down upon in our society.

There's also this perspective, that once a business decides to advertise its services to the public at large, it gives up the prerogative to pick and choose which customers to serve

---

I don't get your reference to oil drilling...Private instruction in alpine conditions means you get quite close. I just took that up as example as to why being able to say no to customers are beneficial for both parts. Just like I don't want them as customers, they don't want me instructing them as I (contrary to others) wouldn't be at my best.

I don't get why gays should WANT to go to establishments that honestly doesn't like them. I can only see this being a problem in very small towns, and if a town is so backwater and hateful that you can't get the stuff you need for being discriminated, you are WAY better off elsewhere anyway.

If we seek to help gays with rights, there are a load of things to address that seem more urgent.

Sounds like an 'in theory' when it comes to government, none of all that is likely to happen. Looks like this is just about civil-servants not wanting to do the paperwork when it comes to gay marriage. I don't aprove of that, a civil-worker should just do it's job, but it's easy to get around it and let someone do it who doesn't care. As for, say a restaurant, doesn't want to serve gays that's up to them. It's stupid, but if they don't want to they shouldn't have to, it's their establishment. This doesn't look as bad as it seems at first glance.

BTW: Corporations are individuals, yet couples are not individuals?

What manner of heinous doublespeak is this?

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by rvg

Yup.


Right, if it is a bad business decision, the market will punish them. Turning away paying customers doesn't sound like good business unless the loss of those customers brings many more of other customers.

---

I'm sure you'd use the same line of reasoning if someone dear to you would die because he or she was refused access to a private hospital.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by rvg

Right, if it is a bad business decision, the market will punish them. Turning away paying customers doesn't sound like good business unless the loss of those customers brings many more of other customers.

---

For the bill to have any better chance than a snowball in hell, then the support of it has to be a bit higher than 5-10%. People aren't homo economicus, so I'm quite certain there's plenty of companies that would make that bad buisness decision to support their bigotry and survive well enough. And smaller places (and depending on the type of store, we can talk about 100.000 cities or larger) might not have an alternative.

To put it simple, any human interaction is a compromise of your personal rights. By being in the position of power, you can by default trample the other person's right more than he can do with yours. People have traits that are either impossible or almost impossible to change, so to be discriminated by those can severly hinder them from living a normal life.

Kadagar, to put it this way. With only these two options what should weight higher? That a black man wants to ski and get professional help for it, or that he can't get professional skiing help because you don't want to teach black people? I know you prefer the third option, but laws need to have a third option in that case (you can be a little discriminating, but only a little).

People with previlege is quite prone to want to keep them as the default position, even while knowing that it damages for others. Those friendly Swiss males took ages to decide that their daughters and wives should be allowed to vote. Second last canton decided it 1989, first one 1959 (30-40 years after rest of Europe). The last one got forced to accept women voting in 1990.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Ironside

For the bill to have any better chance than a snowball in hell, then the support of it has to be a bit higher than 5-10%. People aren't homo economicus, so I'm quite certain there's plenty of companies that would make that bad buisness decision to support their bigotry and survive well enough. And smaller places (and depending on the type of store, we can talk about 100.000 cities or larger) might not have an alternative.

---

There are smaller places that might not have an alternative and there are really small places where said business doesn't exist at all. That doesn't mean that someone's at fault.

Quote:

---

To put it simple, any human interaction is a compromise of your personal rights. By being in the position of power, you can by default trample the other person's right more than he can do with yours. People have traits that are either impossible or almost impossible to change, so to be discriminated by those can severly hinder them from living a normal life.

---

Nobody is required to deal with you. If they want to ignore you, then so be it. The state is there to make sure that you don't die, everybody else has no obligations towards you.

Quote:

---

People with previlege is quite prone to want to keep them as the default position, even while knowing that it damages for others. Those friendly Swiss males took ages to decide that their daughters and wives should be allowed to vote. Second last canton decided it 1989, first one 1959 (30-40 years after rest of Europe). The last one got forced to accept women voting in 1990.

---

So what?

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Sarmatian

I'm sure you'd use the same line of reasoning if someone dear to you would die because he or she was refused access to a private hospital.

---

American Healthcare, the more I read about it, the more angry I get...

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

https://i.imgur.com/JVU5Mxs.jpg

It is clearly broken, even with 'insurance' which doesn't even cover the costs.

"But if we have an NHS, they would tax us far more! its evil and the guvvment will rob us"
Increase in tax amount (over-generous 10%): $170 (from 1700 average per month in US), $340 (Family) Insurance Premiums: $400 Single, $1114 (Family) [2009] (Current is apparently significantly higher)

With this, you get all your costs covered except for prescription medication which you will receive at a discount price.

Pretty much, paying the extra-tax would be cheaper unless you are earning over $4000 per month. When you start getting up into those higher figures, you can afford to pay more regardless.

To those who expect the market to handle these things i present you http://www.dailykos.com/story/2014/0...re-Freeloaders

Here we have a Business which openly discriminates against anyone who isn't White, Straight and Employed and yet they have been in Business for almost half a century...

To be fair, with the publicity they may be about to fail.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by rvg

There are smaller places that might not have an alternative and there are really small places where said business doesn't exist at all. That doesn't mean that someone's at fault.

---

Last time I checked, I'm responsible for my own actions. If I don't serve gays because of "religious freedom", it's my fault that they don't get served.
There's a huge difference between something not existing and that it exists, but are activly denied from you.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by rvg

Nobody is required to deal with you. If they want to ignore you, then so be it. The state is there to make sure that you don't die, everybody else has no obligations towards you.

---

There's quite a bit of difference between ignoring you and activly discurage you. Setting up something in public and say that I'll deal with everyone, except you, you and you, is not ignoring.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by rvg

So what?

---

The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.

That's why we should give evil a carte blanche, limit the powers of good, while shouting FREEEEEDOOOOOMMMM!!!!

Then we hope that the powers of good are superstrong, so that the market will fix itself and we'll go back to status quo, except we now have the power to be douchebags, bigots or whatever.

We won't use it of course, but we really want the freedom to use it, because the goverment said we couldn't and we don't like that.

Kansas bill is dead. And good riddance.

Leaving aside the government for a second, what do people think of the notion that once a business advertises its services to the public at large, it gives up the prerogative to choose whom to serve and not to serve?

Relevant article(and coming back to the govt's role):

Quote:

---

Under the Constitution, I have a perfect right to be as racist, sexist and exclusionary as I like in my private life and affairs. But business is fundamentally different. Even if I own my store and work there myself, the fact that I am open to the public puts me in the category of commerce, which Congress may regulate if it affects interstate business and the local government may regulate regardless of its reach.

---

I'm not ashamed to say that I like the sound of that.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Montmorency

Leaving aside the government for a second, what do people think of the notion that once a business advertises its services to the public at large, it gives up the prerogative to choose whom to serve and not to serve?

---

from an European perspective that's a given. a customer cannot simply be rejected service unless in certain very limited circumstances related to security of the business or the customer itself (refusing to serve someone that's obviously intoxicated, a minor, etc.)
the idea that the free market will solve the issue by punishing the restrictive business is all grand and swell, unless you live in a small town, happen to be black, and the local (and only) grocery store decides they don´t serve n******

I guess you could somewhat get around that by forming a club and only serving club members or similar, but if you're an "open door" business you should have to serve whoever shows up, isn´t breaking the law or causing trouble and has money to pay for your service.

Dislike this topic. I don't understand why people need their sexuality to be their identity. Maybe a business owner should be able to deny service to me simply because I prefer brunettes to blondes. But, why should s/he know that is my preference?

The OK restaurant issue is two weeks old. The man/establishment was nothing three weeks ago, and bringing his story to this thread fails to make any relevant points. The story is in no way representative of any legal business establishment, in even the thumpiest of bible thumper communities.

The Kansas House was wrong, the public told them so, and the Senate responded by completely squashing the bill in question. The ONLY thing about this entire thread that has long term relevance, is "What's the Matter With Kansas?" Don't spend time on that question. My fellow Missourians occasionally do, and find it's an utter waste of time.

Quote:

---

Under the Constitution, I have a perfect right to be as racist, sexist and exclusionary as I like in my private life and affairs. But business is fundamentally different. Even if I own my store and work there myself, the fact that I am open to the public puts me in the category of commerce, which Congress may regulate if it affects interstate business and the local government may regulate regardless of its reach.

---

No.

You disgust me, tyrant.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Montmorency

You disgust me, tyrant.

---

Sorry I meant to quote the Swede

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by The Lurker Below

Dislike this topic. I don't understand why people need their sexuality to be their identity.

---

Same reason why straight middle class youth need to have their atheism be their identity. They have no idea how to build up character so they just pick one aspect of themselves that they use to filter life through.

“I guess you could somewhat get around that by forming a club and only serving club members or similar, but if you're an "open door" business you should have to serve whoever shows up, isn´t breaking the law or causing trouble and has money to pay for your service.” Nope. If you are a service or a pub or whatever having business with public, you are not considered as private and are subjected to business laws and practice (i.e. taxes). What you suggest was tried by night clubs wanting to filter all none white customers pretending to be private clubs. Same, you can’t refuse access to women in men clubs, or men in Car’s insurance designed for females.
I am surprise to see there are people supporting racist laws and practices in society. So Hitler banning Jews for access to Germans shops and service were bad, but if the Jews were not happy, they could go somewhere else…

“Same reason why straight middle class youth need to have their atheism be their identity. They have no idea how to build up character so they just pick one aspect of themselves that they use to filter life through.” I never hear an atheist starting a sentence by “I am atheist” but several time I heard “I am Christian”. Probably because Christians are less secure.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Brenus

“Same reason why straight middle class youth need to have their atheism be their identity. They have no idea how to build up character so they just pick one aspect of themselves that they use to filter life through.” I never hear an atheist starting a sentence by “I am atheist” but several time I heard “I am Christian”. Probably because Christians are less secure.

---

Go to tumblr or reddit and you will see plenty of "I am an atheist." In fact they are even less secure than Christians because they are too afraid to even go outside and talk about their lack of faith, instead they just brood in online forums.

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

https://www.google.com/search?site=i...eddit&tbm=isch

Also, it is probably mostly an American youth thing since we still actually have the religiosity thing going on here.

I am surprise to see there are people supporting racist laws and practices in society. So Hitler banning Jews for access to Germans shops and service were bad, but if the Jews were not happy, they could go somewhere else…


This is kinda different imho, it's discrimination on sexuality not on race. The motivation is completily different, not wanting to serve gays is dumb but if they don't want to out of (religious) principle that's up to them.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Fragony

This is kinda different imho

---

.....how...?

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by HoreTore

.....how...?

---

Freedom of religion, church is against homosexuality. There is no such thing as freedom of discrimination of races.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Fragony

Freedom of religion, church is against homosexuality. There is no such thing as freedom of discrimination of races.

---

So... "My church" is also against other religions. Shouldn't I have the freedom of religion to ban other religions(say, members of the Jewish faith) along with gays from my bratwürst-shop?

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by a completely inoffensive name

In fact they are even less secure than Christians because they are too afraid to even go outside and talk about their lack of faith, instead they just brood in online forums.

---

There's no reason to talk about stuff I don't believe in. I will say it when it's appropriate but otherwise won't talk about it. I also don't believe in reincarnation, Zeus and that spirits of my ancestors are watching me (perverted voyers they may be). I'm certainly not gonna go out and look for support groups to talk about it.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by HoreTore

So... "My church" is also against other religions. Shouldn't I have the freedom of religion to ban other religions(say, members of the Jewish faith) along with gays from my bratwürst-shop?

---

But that isn't the case here. No I think you wouldn't, I'll have to think about how I can make that make sense.

Just for the record, I find not serving gays idiotic.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Sarmatian

There's no reason to talk about stuff I don't believe in. I will say it when it's appropriate but otherwise won't talk about it. I also don't believe in reincarnation, Zeus and that spirits of my ancestors are watching me (perverted voyers they may be). I'm certainly not gonna go out and look for support groups to talk about it.

---

We're from the developed world, Sarmatian. ACIN is talking from the perspective of the developing world. Can't be compared.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Fragony

I am surprise to see there are people supporting racist laws and practices in society. So Hitler banning Jews for access to Germans shops and service were bad, but if the Jews were not happy, they could go somewhere else…


This is kinda different imho, it's discrimination on sexuality not on race. The motivation is completily different, not wanting to serve gays is dumb but if they don't want to out of (religious) principle that's up to them.

---

That's right, the jews didn't want to go to german shops out of religious principle. And then they didn't want to go outside the gas chambers out of religious principle. Americans always just spin everything the way they want it.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Husar

That's right, the jews didn't want to go to german shops out of religious principle. And then they didn't want to go outside the gas chambers out of religious principle. Americans always just spin everything the way they want it.

---

Since when am I American. As I see it christians can be conservative because christianity is an established religion and part if American culture. You don't have the right to be served when you visit a private establishment, if the owners don't want to serve gays because homosexuality is against their religion, which is a big part of their life, I can't get all that upset about it really. It's very easy to slap me around and turn it against me like Horetore just did of course. Happily granted. If the best argument wins I lose.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Fragony

Since when am I American. As I see it christians can be conservative because christianity is an established religion and part if American culture. You don't have the right to be served when you visit a private establishment, if the owners don't want to serve gays because homosexuality is against their religion, which is a big part of their life, I can't get all that upset about it really. It's very easy to slap me around and turn it against me like Horetore just did of course. Happily granted. If the best argument wins I lose.

---

I have no idea what you are talking about but I was saying the Americans spinned it as though Hitler made the Jews do all that when they really did it out of religious principle of course. There may also have been sarcasm involved which may be really hard to detect. :rolleyes:

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Husar

There may also have been sarcasm involved which may be really hard to detect. :rolleyes:

---

You are German

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Sarmatian

There's no reason to talk about stuff I don't believe in. I will say it when it's appropriate but otherwise won't talk about it. I also don't believe in reincarnation, Zeus and that spirits of my ancestors are watching me (perverted voyers they may be). I'm certainly not gonna go out and look for support groups to talk about it.

---

Like I said, it is mostly an American thing. Over here Atheists like to pretend as if they are persecuted and act accordingly.

"Over here Atheists like to pretend as if they are persecuted": Well, they are...

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Brenus

"Over here Atheists like to pretend as if they are persecuted": Well, they are...

---

I have not been persecuted once in my life and I have lived in very conservative areas. I know you feel that Jehovah's witness are monsters knocking on your door to burn you at the stake, but in reality they are just nice people that are very confused.

I remember when I visited Atlantic city several years ago. On one entrance to the city, there was a huge billboard telling me that Jesus died for my sins. It was a huge wtf situation for me.

This is eerie ... I live in Folsom, a suburb of Sacramento, and was just in the ER of this hospital YESTERDAY being treated for a boxer's break on my left hand (don't ask). Given my tenuous financial circumstances I hope I don't get a bill like this, sheesh. Strange, that I should pop in here and see this, now.

As to the subject, it is an outrage imo, but par for the course these daze. Then again, I am extremely biased on such topics.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Tiaexz

American Healthcare, the more I read about it, the more angry I get...

Spoiler Alert, click show to read: 

https://i.imgur.com/JVU5Mxs.jpg

It is clearly broken, even with 'insurance' which doesn't even cover the costs.

"But if we have an NHS, they would tax us far more! its evil and the guvvment will rob us"
Increase in tax amount (over-generous 10%): $170 (from 1700 average per month in US), $340 (Family) Insurance Premiums: $400 Single, $1114 (Family) [2009] (Current is apparently significantly higher)

With this, you get all your costs covered except for prescription medication which you will receive at a discount price.

Pretty much, paying the extra-tax would be cheaper unless you are earning over $4000 per month. When you start getting up into those higher figures, you can afford to pay more regardless.

---

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Togakure

Given my tenuous financial circumstances I hope I don't get a bill like this, sheesh.

---

Let us know how the bill turns out, if you are okay with doing that. :bow:

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Togakure

This is eerie ... I live in Folsom, a suburb of Sacramento, and was just in the ER of this hospital YESTERDAY being treated for a boxer's break on my left hand (don't ask). Given my tenuous financial circumstances I hope I don't get a bill like this, sheesh. Strange, that I should pop in here and see this, now.

As to the subject, it is an outrage imo, but par for the course these daze. Then again, I am extremely biased on such topics.

---

Well, on the plus side, your hand didn't make your typing this post into a fiasco! Get well soon.

Georgia might pass a similar bill and understandably most people who live within the city limits of Atlanta are angry. Plus if we ever want the superbowl in Atlanta this bill cant be passed.

Still disgraceful that it was even brought up in the first place.

Seems that just as we're discussing Kansans attempted silliness the Arizona legislature snuck past us.
http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/21/us/arizona-anti-gay-bill/
Governor still undecided on whether to veto or not. And Arizona is also vying for a Super Bowl.

I want to know why homosexuality and a boxer-break are in the same thread.

Quote:

---

Originally Posted by Fragony

I want to know why homosexuality and a boxer-break are in the same thread.

---

Surely there is some local pub you could frequent that might provide more insight?

Arizona's Governor vetoed the bill. Also Texas had its Gay Marriage ban ruled unconstitutional but like the other recent rulings, there is a stay on the decision until Kitchen v. Herbert is settled.

This is a tempest in a teapot IMO. This will get struck down on account of the 1st and 14th amendment. I imagine that Kansas legislators know this, and are just playing to the crowd, or trying to distract the pro-gays with a side show or something.

In any case, how exactly will a cop who violates the 14th amendment section 1 (equal protection under the law) by refusing to protect a gay couple from a criminal prove that he did so on the basis of sincere Christian belief? Because the Bible says that gay sex is a sin? It also says that we are all sinners, so he might as well protect no one. Because the Bible says to love everyone? To not judge others or you yourself will be judged? Tough to argue that punks should be allowed to beat up gays on the basis of those texts. How can he prove his sincerity in court when his actions contradict the Bible? Its so ridiculous it would be funny if it were not for the possiblity that someone will really get hurt before the Supreme Court trashcans this.