In "Qarthadastim", the "q" is an emphatic consonant, found throughout Semitic languages, but not seen in English, so you can't really give examples in english, only in Semitic languages. This corresponds to greek as Qoppa, an archaic letter used for the /k/ sound, and to Hebrew as Kuf/Quf. Hebrew, due to Indo-European influence, evolved to a point (Modern Hebrew) at which the emphatic consonants were no different than their non-emphatic counterparts. This results in the Quf/Kuf argument - the pronunciation would have likely been different in Old Hebrew, as opposed to Modern Hebrew.
Tet is pronounced the same as Tav (originally it was /tˤ/)
Quf is pronounced the same as Kaf with a dagesh (originally
Tzadi is pronounced as ts (originally /sˤ/)
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