1776 4 10.81%

1789 16 43.24%

1848 10 27.03%

I'm English and don't believe in writing anything down 3 8.11%

Gah 4 10.81%

Oh but liberalism in the early 19th century has very little to do with (modern liberal) political parties which are a terrible practical joke compared to the freethinkers they claim intellectual heritage of. Liberalism is about breaking down certain barriers in the form of artificial restrictions imposed on you at birth and sometimes also by social convention. It is by extension also about empowering individuals to question and participate in their government; and about the purpose & mandate of institutions.

And some true 19th century context socialists would make you blush at how (especially morally) conservative their ideas really were. Socialism has at that time *nothing* to do with Marxism/Leninism and the like. In 19th century context, socialism is mostly about a certain disappointment with the state of the world and a search for an ideal politeia which typically involves a small scale supposedly self-sustaining commune adhering to a set of principles (ranging from absolute equality to a religious dogma to combinations of that). Essentially not at all unlike Amish communities.

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