If you need to know how a command works there is usually a help screen for it; or better yet a manual or info page. You can type man <man_page> to access a manual page; and info <info_page> to access an info page (for some programs there is a difference between the two, apparently). Typically <man_page> or <info_page> is the same name as the program you want to read up on; e.g..Code:man sudo
For a start try reading; which details the standard commands the bash shell recognizes without additional programs.Code:man builtins
EDIT: If you are really interested a Bash scripting guide such as this: http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/ should prove useful.
PPA is quite specific to Ubuntu and means Personal Package Archive. Canonical (the company behind Ubuntu) have this project site called Launchpad (which is similar to SourceForge) and PPA's are essentially the archives of projects hosted on Launchpad. The program add-apt-repository knows how to obtain PGP keys from the Launchpad server and how to resolve the name of a PPA archive to something that can be used by the othersoftwarepackage management tools on the system.
And sudo is a program which is used to temporarily grant you administrative powers which is required if you want to fiddle with system software and system wide configuration settings.
Bookmarks