Regarding #1, I have no experience with field armies, but after taking a town/castle (and destroying the army inside), I've seen enemy metsuke and a ninja booted outside the town. I'd think a field army would be the same. Heck at the ninja at least should get away - throw down a few hundred smoke bombs or a few thousand caltrops and get way from the pursuing army.
My take on #5 is that upgrading the port adds to the number of trade routes that can come into the port. This benefit seems more important if you have few ports but many sea trade routes like in the early part of the campaign...but that is just my understanding and impression. It may also help shut up the advisor.
BTW, some great questions RK. I've wondered at the meaning of a few building "benefits" myself (#3 & 4).
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