Just about all of those factions (KH being the prime exception) can recruit phalangites of some sort from day one. Even Pontos gets Pantodapoi Phalangitai, although I'm not sure if their starting settlement can already build them or not.
Macedonia and Epiros have levy pikemen, Ptolemaioi have Machimoi Phalangitai and Seleucids, Baktria, and Pontos have Pantodapoi Phalangitai.
Even Saba can recruit the latter as regionals...
If your main interest is Europe I would think Epiros or Macedonia would be the best bet, maybe Pontos. Ptolemy and Baktria are far off, although in different directions, and a Seleucid campaign is likely to be rather Asia/Egypt focused, unless you purposefully withdraw from the East.
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