Asgaroths Research

[ahowl11]

BRITANNIC TRIBES

Were of Celtic origin!

They were capable of advanced mathematical calculations and laid out stone circles (ovals actually) with such accuracy that they functioned as calendars. Many circles still exist today. However, ancient Britons have left us no written records, so we have to guess much of what went on.

In due course, neighbouring tribes joined together to form local kingdoms. As the centuries passed, stone weapons became bronze ones, and then iron (each progressively sharper or stronger than the last). Excavations at royal grave sites have unearthed swords, spears, helmets, and shields crafted to an extremely high standard, but the ordinary folk had to make do with whatever they could get.


The map on the left shows all the major Celtic (Brythonic) tribes of the British mainland.



It should be noted that only the main Brythonic (ie P-Celtic-speaking) tribes of the mainland are shown. There were several smaller tribes whose existence were known and who were either isolated geographically from the main tribes, or allied to them but these are not presented here.

One of the main sources of information about these tribes is from the Roman writer, Tacitus and much of our information about the tribes of Scotland derives from the geographical writings of Ptolemy. However, both authors were writing from a Roman viewpoint and their works have to be treated with some caution when it comes to their descriptions of the tribes, their beliefs and attributes.


Important tribes:

Trinovantes

The Trinovantes are the first British tribe to be mentioned by a Roman author, appearing in Caesar's account of his invasion of 54 BC. By this date they seem to have been already involved in a power struggle with the neighbouring tribes to the west who were to be forged into the kingdom of the Catuvellauni under Tasciovanus. This group shared the same ways of life and religious practices as the Catuvellauni and Cantiaci.


They used coins, cremated their dead, ate from plates and drank from cups, They became part of the large kingdom established by the rules of the Catuvellauni.

The king Cunobelinus essentially absorbed the two tribes into one larger kingdom and he or his predecessors, established Colchester as a new royal site on the same model as St Albans. It was Colchester, that became the target for the Roman Emperor Claudius' invasion in AD43.

After the Roman Conquest, the Trinovantes were restored as tribal entity in the form of a civitas (an administrative unit or county) within the new Roman Province. The capital of the civitas was the Roman city of Colchester, which was originally founded as colony for retired Roman soldiers.

Catuvellauni

The Catuvellauni were the tribe that lived in the modern counties of Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire and southern Cambridgeshire. Their territory also probably included tribes in what is today Buckinghamshire and parts of Oxfordshire. The tribal name possibly means 'good in battle'.

The Catuvellauni existed as a tribe at the time of Julius Caesar, but in the following years became an extremely powerful group. Their first known king was Tasciovanus, who is known from the coins he minted with his name on them. He founded a royal and ritual centre at Verulamium, modern St Albans in about AD10. There were several other large settlements or clusters of villages in their territory, such as at Baldock and Welwyn.

Before this time, the Catuvellauni, Trinovantes and Cantiaci were very different from other British tribes. They had been using coins for at least a century, adopted the same way of burying the dead as was practised in northern France, and eat and dressed in ways more common in France than other parts of Briton. Tasciovanus successors created a large kingdom through conquest and alliance that included the Trinovantes and Cantiaci.

The most successful king was Cunobelinus (Cymbeline), but after his death in the late 30's AD, his kingdom was beset by rivalries between his successors. This was the excuse used by the Roman Emperor Claudius to conquer southern Britain in 43 AD. The Catuvellauni were one of the most pro-Roman of British peoples who very quickly and peacefully adopted Roman lifestyles and Roman rule.

A very rich grave of a pro-Roman Catuvellaunian ruler who lived at the time of the Roman Conquest has been excavated at Folly Lane, St Albans. They became one of the first civitas in the new province, Verulamium becoming one of the first and most successful cities in Roman Britain.

Silures

Several Roman authors including Pliny, Ptolemy and Tacitus mention this tribe and later civitas (administrative unit in a Roman province). Their territory was south east Wales - the Brecon Beacons and south Welsh valleys. A people of the mountains and valleys, we know relatively little about how they lived.

Like the other tribes of the Welsh Mountains, they were difficult for the Romans to conquer and control. For a time in the period around AD 45-57, they led the British opposition to the Roman advance westwards.

Tacitus describes them as a strong and warlike nation, and for ten years or more the Romans fought to contain, rather than conquer them. Although defeated and occupied by the early 60's, their bitter resistance may explain the late grant of self governing civitas status to them only in the early 2nd century.

The capital was established at a previously unoccupied site at Caerwent and was given the name Venta Silrum. Tacitus described them as swarthy and curly-haired, and suggested their ancestors might be from Spain because of the similarities in appearance with some peoples in Spain. However, there is no evidence to suggest any genetic links between south Wales and parts of Spain.

BRITANNIC TRIBES GOALS

Capture(number)of settlements and destroy or outlive faction/factions:Gaullic tribes

I left like it was in rome total war.i did find some information that Britannic tribes did invaded Gaulish and German teritories,but with no strong evidence like in past posts.

BRITANNIC TRIBES LEADER NAMES

List of kings before Britannia was occupied by the Romans:
Brutus
Locrinus
Gwendolen
Maddan
Mempricius
Ebraucus
Brutus greenshield
Leil
Rud Hud Hudibras
Bladud
Leir
Cordelia(queen)
Caneglasus
Rivallo
Gargastius
Sisillius I
Kimarcus
Gorboduc
Ferrex
Porrex
Dunvallo Molmutius
Dyfnwal Moelmut
Belinus
Brennius
Gurguit Barbtruc
Guithelin
Marcia(queen)
Sisillius II
Kinarius
Danius
Morvidus
Gorbonianus
Archgallo
Elidurus
Ingenius
Peredurus
Marganus
Enniaunus
Idvallo
Runo
Gerennus
Catellus
Millus
Porrex II
Cherin
Fulgenius
Edadus
Andragius
Urianus
Eliud
Cledaucus
Clotenus
Gurgintius
Merianus
Bledudo
Cap
Oenus
Sisllius III
Beldgabred
Archmail
Eldol
Redon
Redechius
Samuil
Penessil
Pir
Capoir
Digueillus
Beli Mawr
Lludd Llaw Ereint(the silver handed)
Cassivellaunus
Bran Fendigaid(the Blessed)
Cunobelinus
Guiderius

BRITANNIC TRIBES CITIES

Most cities were situated on the hill.The one element of Iron Age warfare still visible today are the hill forts. These consist of a concentric series of ditches and banks, the latter surmounted by stout fences, enclosing the summit of a large hill. Sometimes, the entrance followed a winding route through the banks to expose an attacker to a constant rain of missiles.


BRITANNIC TRIBES RELIGION

Affalach-god of the underworld.

Anu-Mother-Goddess,goddess of fertility,the wife of the Sun God, Belenos, and considered to be the ancestor of all the Gods.She was also patroness of springs and fountains.

Belenos-Sun god

Liyr-Sea god.According to the Welsh, he was chief of the gods.

Gofannon-smith god

Bran-god of regeneration

Maponos-god of youth

Modron-goddess of motherhood.

Nantosuelta-goddess of the home.

Nemetona-goddess of the sacred grow.

Nodens-god with health & healing

Sucellos-god of agriculture


BRITANNIC TRIBES ARMY(Many blue paintings on units or tattoos!!!)

Warpaint:According to Caesar, "omnes vero se Britanni vitro inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem". This translates to: "All the Britons stain themselves with woad, which produces a blue colour". This passage is the most famous evidence for Ancient British warpaint.








Tattoos : Herodian writes of the Picts in his History, "They also tattoo their bodies with various patterns and pictures of all sorts of animals."

Modern day guy makes a tribal british tattoo




Iron age british warrior tattoos
&
Description of warriors:With their trademark spiky limed hair, magnificently droopy moustaches and painted with woad battle-markings, these warriors were as colourful as they were ferocious. The British, led by the dark and terrifying Druidic cult, still favored the chariots as a key part of their armies as they struck fear into the hearts of the Roman invaders. There is a famous account of Romans not wanting to leave their boat to tackle the frenzied British with their Druid leaders on the shores of Britain- it took a standard bearer to throw his standard ashore and thus driving his companions to go and protect it to break the spell!.

Celtic warrior’s basic equipment consisted of a set of one to four spears. One was a 1.8 meters long fighting spear called a "lancea" that sometimes had very large spearheads of up to 50 centimetres in length. The others were shorter throwing spears called "gaesum" with relatively small, normally shorter than 10 centimetres long spearheads. A warrior also had a large—about 1.2 meter high and 0.5 meters wide—leather-covered, wooden shield with a metal shield-boss. This was likely to have been decorated with painting and sometimes metal ornamentation. With this basic equipment, the average warrior usually wore his everyday clothing consisting of trousers, a shirt, and a mantle.


Celtic spearman


Medium spearman




Celtic noble, besides his torc (neck ring), was a long-sword with a blade-length of about 0.8 to 1 meter. Those from the early period had definite swordpoints, enabling them to be used for slashing and piercing. In the later period, these swords often had rounded points that allowed only slashing attacks. In rare cases, especially in finds from the eastern Celtic world, such swords had anthropomorphic handles, the pommel most often cast from bronze in the form of a human head. Additionally, the typical noble warrior probably wore armor and helmet, all made from leather. Depending on how rich they were, nobles might have equipment such as helmets, made from bronze or iron, often elaborately decorated with ornamentation and inlays of coral or even gold. Occasionally, the helmet might have additional embellishments such as the one from the famous find at Ciumesti, Romania, which has a figure of a raven with mobile wings fixed to its crest. That helmet must have been an impressive sight when the owner moved down the battlefield. Chainmail suits, covering the body down to the knees and, most often, leaving the arms free, were very rare, and, obviously affordable by only the wealthiest nobles.

British noble infantry



British noble cavalry


Noble archers


Noble spearman






Celtic battle chariot

Even though it was not used always and everywhere in the Celtic world, the battle-chariot is considered a very typical part of Celtic warfare. It was called a "carpentom" or similar term, and was a light, two-wheeled vehicle drawn by a pair of yoked horses, little more than four meters in length and less than two meters wide. The chariot consisted almost exclusively of organic material; the main metal parts were the iron tires and the iron fittings to strengthen the hubs. In some cases, metal rings and connectors were used to strengthen joints and flexible connections. What made the Celtic chariot so special, however, was that the chariot-platform was not fixed to the axle but hung free in a rope suspension. This made it a lot more comfortable to drive and a lot easier to fight from.


Usually two persons rode in the chariot. The charioteer sat in the open front of the chariot and actually drove. The warrior stood behind the charioteer and threw his spears from the chariot before alighting and fighting on foot. The charioteer stayed close enough to retrieve his warrior and carry him away from the battle if he were wounded or killed. This system is well documented in the Irish Ulster Cycle, as well as in the works of Roman and Greek historians.


Celtic heavy chariot













Celtic warrior bands

Also quite typical among the Celts were warrior-bands like the Irish fianna or the Gaesates who fought in the Italian Wars against the Romans. Such warbands consisted mainly of young men led by charismatic leaders like the Irish Fionn Mac Cumhaill or the two kings of the Gaesates. The latter seem to have been used as high response troops in battle, according to the Roman sources. Most probably these groups had a religious dimension, requiring various initiation rituals for membership. They most probably enjoyed a special status in Celtic society. Members of these warrior bands probably were known for performing heroic feats. For example, historians recorded that the Gaesates fought naked in the battles in the Po valley in Italy where the Cisalpine Celts opposed the Romans. Most notably these warbands seem to have consisted mostly or even exclusively of infantry.

Spear warband






skirmish warband




Forester warband






The Nature of Celtic Warfare

The Celts fought many battles. Some involved rather small numbers of combatants, but there were also mass battles in which at least tens of thousands or perhaps even hundreds of thousands participated, if we believe the numbers reported by various ancient historians. However, in contrast to the rigid Roman military organisation, Celtic warriors seem to have been much less used to fighting in formations and organized units. The records we have from ancient historians paint the picture of mostly unorganised groups.



The ancient Celtic warriors engaged their enemy as if they would defeat them simply by overrunning them, trusting their brute force more than elaborate tactics and clever strategies. This may well be due to a trait of Celtic mentality, which valued individual prowess with arms and heroic feats more than fighting in tight groups and trusting in the combined power of many men in close military formations.


Military organisation seems to have been based, in case of the infantry, more on where one came from than the type of weapons one carried, although chariots and/or cavalry were set aside to fight together. The warbands, who were most likely the high response troops of the Celts, often formed the first line of the infantry, hurling themselves upon the enemy in the first assault.


In battles, the Celts also made use of what has been dubbed "psychological warfare." Before actually engaging the enemy, they are said to having made a horrible noise by clashing their weapons against their shields, crying and singing, with horns (carnyx) being blown and maybe drums being beaten. In the early period, these practices, together with the wild onslaught by the first lines of warriors, seems to have shocked Roman troops so that much that they simply gave way and fled from the field in fear for their lives.


Also, before the actual fight, the Celtic war leaders paraded in front of their troops, performing heroic feats, proclaiming their own deeds, belittling their enemies, and challenging enemy leaders to duels. The results of these individual combats were apparently regarded as omens of the outcome of the battle.


However fierce that first onslaught, the ancient Celts had, according to the ancient historians, little endurance. If their first assault didn’t succeed, the Celtic forces were easy to defeat, or so the historians say. On the other hand, the historians might have been perpetuating the image of the Celts as barbarians by ascribing superior physical strength but less endurance to them, especially since endurance was regarded as one of the primary Roman virtues.


Evidently, to actually defeat the Celts was not as easy as the ancient historians wanted their readers to believe, since quite a number of reports tell us that the Celts continued to fight valiantly to the end, even when the battle already was lost. Often the Celts were depicted as killing themselves and their close relatives rather than surrendering and being sold into slavery.
However, the most of the battles seem to have been rather small, involving only a few warriors on both sides.

Other units:

Skirmishes




British light cavalry




Slaughter band




woad warriors




Naked fanatics


heavy swordsmen




Light swordsmen




Belgae axemem




Pictish Javelinmen

British heavy cavalry




Caledonian slingers




Caledonian head hunters




SHIELDS

[ahowl11]

REPUBLIC OF CARTHAGE

was founded as a Phoenician colony near modern Tunis. After the fall of its mother-city Tyre in 575, Carthage became the leader of the Phoenician colonies in the west and founded an informal but powerful empire, which is known for its almost perennial struggle against the Greeks of Sicily and the Romans.

The trade of Carthaginian merchantmen was by land across the Sahara and especially by sea throughout the Mediterranean and far into the Atlantic to the tin-rich islands of Britain and to West Africa. There is evidence that at least one Punic expedition under Hanno sailed along the West African coast to regions south of the Tropic of Cancer, describing how the sun was in the north at noon.


FACTION GOALS

Capture(number) of settlements and destroy or outlive faction/factions:Rome,Iberians,Numidians

Why?

Rome-Punic wars-" The first external war waged by the Romans against the Carthaginians in reference to Sicily was waged in Sicily"

Iberia & Numidia-"In Carthage, politicians who preferred a less friendly policy towards Rome became more powerful again, and it was decided to conquer Iberia, where a new army could be created.

The general in charge of this project was Hamilcar Barca. At home, he received support from the leader of the democratic politician Hasdrubal, surnamed "The Fair", who was married to Hamilcar's daughter.

In 237, the two men went to Gades (Cadíz), and embarked upon the campaign. Later, Hasdrubal returned to Africa. Here, he conducted another campaign, directed at Numidia."

CARTHAGE LEADER NAMES

Important leaders:

Note-In 480 BC, following Hamilcar I's death, the king lost most of his power to an aristocratic Council of Elders. In 308 BC, Bomilcar attempted a coup to restore the monarch to full power, but failed, which led to Carthage becoming in name as well as in fact a republic!

Hasdrubal I(lunched an expedition against Sardinia-25 year struggle)

Hannibal Barca( He is generally considered to be one of the greatest military commanders of all time.

Other leaders:

Dido(queen)
Hanno I
Malchus
Mago I
Hamilcar I
Himilco I
Hannibal I
Himilco II
Mago II
Mago III
Hanno the Great
Hanno II the Great
Hanno III the Great
Gisco
Hamilcar II
Bomilcar

CARTHAGE CITIES

Border map of Carthage



Sicily map with some settlements


More cities and some battles




Important cities

Carthago Nova-"Hasdrubal founded a new capital in Iberia, called New Carthage, on a peninsula with two excellent harbors, and not too far from a silver mine. From this base, he proceeded to the north, conquering many towns, including Hemeroscopium, Alonis, and Alicante, which were Greek colonies that belonged to Massilia, an ally of Rome."

Carthage(Capital city.Carthage was built on a promontory with inlets to the sea to the north and south. The city's location made it master of the Mediterranean's maritime trade. All ships crossing the sea had to pass between Sicily and the coast of Tunisia, where Carthage was built, affording it great power and influence.
Two large, artificial harbours were built within the city, one for harbouring the city's massive navy of 220 warships and the other for mercantile trade. A walled tower overlooked both harbours.
The city had massive walls, 23 miles (37 kilometres) in length, longer than the walls of comparable cities. Most of the walls were located on the shore and thus could be less impressive, as Carthaginian control of the sea made attack from that direction difficult. )


CARTHAGE RELIGION

Carthage derived the original core of its religion from Phoenicia. The Phoenician pantheon was presided over by the father of the gods, but a goddess was the principal figure in the Phoenician pantheon. The system of gods and goddesses in Phoenician religion also influenced many other cultures. There are too many similarities to be overlooked. In some instances the names of gods underwent very little change when they were borrowed. Even the legends maintained major similarities. Egyptian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian and others had their influences on the Phoenician faith system as well as borrowed from it.

Adon-the god of Youth Beauty and Regeneration.

Anath- the goddess of Love and War, the Maiden (similar to Greek Aphrodite).

Asherath-the Goddess of Byblos.

Astarte-the Queen of Heaven (similar to Greek Hera).

Baal-the Ruler of the Universe, Son of Dagan, Rider of the Clouds, Almighty, Lord of the Earth (similar to Greek Zeus or Roman Jupiter).

Baal-Hamon-the God of Fertility and Renewer of all energies in the Phoenician colonies of the Western Mediterranean (similar to Greek Kronos or, in some ways, Zeus).

Eshmun-the God of Healing.

Kathirat-Goddesses of marriage and pregnancy.

Kothar-God of Craftsmanship.

Melqarth-King of the Underworld and Cycle of Vegetation.

Mot-the God of Death.

Shahar-the God of Dawn.

Shalim- the God of Dusk.

Shapash-the Sun Goddess.

Tanit-Queen Goddess of Carthage, the Mother Goddess, Queen of Good Fortune and the Harvest.

Yamm-the God of the Sea.

Yarikh-the Moon God.



CARTHAGE ARMY

Land army

According to Polybius, Carthage relied heavily, though not exclusively, on foreign mercenaries,especially in overseas warfare. The core of its army was from its own territory in north Africa (ethnic Libyans and Numidians, as well as "Liby-Phoenicians" — i.e. Phoenicians proper). These troops were supported by mercenaries from different ethnic groups and geographic locations across the Mediterranean who fought in their own national units;Celtic,Balearic, and Iberian troops were especially common. Later, after the Barcid conquest of Iberia, Iberians came to form an even greater part of the Carthaginian forces. Carthage seems to have fielded a formidable cavalry force, especially in its north African homeland; a significant part of it was composed of Numidian contingents of light cavalry. Other mounted troops included the now extinct North African Elephants, trained for war, which, among other uses, were commonly used for frontal assaults or as anti-cavalry protection. An army could field up to several hundred of these animals, but on most reported occasions fewer than a hundred were deployed. The riders of these elephants were armed with a spike and hammer to kill the elephants in case they charged toward their own army.

They did some longe speared units,so don't remove them!...like in the rtw(poeni infantry,sacred band)


Balearic slinger


Spanish heavy infantry(scutari)



Town militia


Numidian light cavalry


African Infantry


balearic light infantry


Carthaginian light infantry


Galatian swordsmen


Punic veteran infantry


Punic skirmishes


Sacred band(with spear)


Phoenician slingers


Carthaginian war elephant


Carthaginian elephant

carthaginian skirmishes


Phoenician archers


Armored elephant


Round shield cavalry


Long shield cavalry


Poeni infantry(change the shield of the guy to the right to look more like the shield of the units to the

left)


Punic heavy infantry


Libyan spearman

Libyan archers



phoenician infantry


Naval Army

The navy of Carthage was one of the largest in the Mediterranean, using serial production to maintain high numbers at moderate cost. The sailors and marines of the Carthaginian navy were predominantly recruited from the Punic citizenry, unlike the multi-ethnic allied and mercenary troops of the Carthaginian armies. The navy offered a stable profession and financial security for its sailors.Their navy included some 300 to 350 warships. The Romans, who had little experience in naval warfare prior to the First Punic War, managed to finally defeat Carthage with a combination of reverse engineering captured Carthaginian ships, recruitment of experienced greek sailors from the ranks of its conquered cities, the unorthodox corvus device, and their superior numbers in marines and rowers.

CARTHAGINIAN SHIELD SYMBOLS

[ahowl11]

GERMANIC TRIBES

The Teutoburg forest-the site of the famous battle


In the year 500 BC, the Germanic tribes appear in northern Germany.


The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic in older literature) are a historical ethno-linguistic group, originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Indo-Euopean Germanic languages, which diversified out of common Germanic in the course of the Pre-roman iron age. The descendants of these peoples became, and in many areas contributed to,ethnic groups in North Western Europe:Scandinavians (Danes,Swedes,Norwegians,Icelanders, and Faroe Islanders, but not Finns and Sami),Germans (including Austrians, German-speaking Swiss, and other ethnic Germans),Dutch,Flemish, and English, among others.

Julius Caesar describes the Germans in his Commentarii De Bello Gallico:

"[The Germans] have neither Druids to preside over sacred offices, nor do they pay great regard to sacrifices. They rank in the number of the gods those alone whom they behold, and by whose instrumentality they are obviously benefited, namely, the sun, fire, and the moon; they have not heard of the other deities even by report. Their whole life is occupied in hunting and in the pursuits of the military art; from childhood they devote themselves to fatigue and hardships. Those who have remained chaste for the longest time, receive the greatest commendation among their people; they think that by this the growth is promoted, by this the physical powers are increased and the sinews are strengthened. And to have had knowledge of a woman before the twentieth year they reckon among the most disgraceful acts; of which matter there is no concealment, because they bathe promiscuously in the rivers and [only] use skins or small cloaks of deer's hides, a large portion of the body being in consequence naked".

"They do not pay much attention to agriculture, and a large portion of their food consists in milk, cheese, and flesh; nor has any one a fixed quantity of land or his own individual limits; but the magistrates and the leading men each year apportion to the tribes and families, who have united together, as much land as, and in the place in which, they think proper, and the year after compel them to remove elsewhere. For this enactment they advance many reasons-lest seduced by long-continued custom, they may exchange their ardor in the waging of war for agriculture; lest they may be anxious to acquire extensive estates, and the more powerful drive the weaker from their possessions; lest they construct their houses with too great a desire to avoid cold and heat; lest the desire of wealth spring up, from which cause divisions and discords arise; and that they may keep the common people in a contented state of mind, when each sees his own means placed on an equality with [those of] the most powerful."


FACTION GOALS

Capture(number)of settlements and destroy or outlive faction/factions:Rome,Scythia,Dacia,...

Why?

Rome-Cimbrian War (113-101BC) was fought between the Roman Republic and the Proto-Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons (Teutones), who migrated from northern Europe into Roman controlled territory, and clashed with Rome and her allies. The Cimbrian War was the first time since the Second Punic War that Rome itself had been seriously threatened.

Scythia&Dacia-I haven't found no writen evidence of wars with this factions...But judgeing from the map below we can assume that they were tending to spread into this factions's lands.


The expansion of German tribes



Red-Settlements before 750 BC
Orange-New settlements after 750 BC until 1 AD
Yellow-New settlements until 100 AD
Green-New settlements after 100 AD


GERMANIC LEADER NAMES(I can't find other leaders than these two.It is really hard)
Important leaders:

Arminius(also known as Armin or Hermann was a chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci who defeated a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. His influence held an allied coalition of Germanic tribes together in opposition to the Romans but after decisive defeats by the Roman general Germanicus, nephew of the Emperor Tiberius, his influence waned and he was assassinated on the orders of rival Germanic chiefs

Other leaders:

Maroboduus
Teutobod
Boiorix
Lugius
Ucromer
Vocion
Catumer
Actumer
Thumelicus
Segimund
Sigismund
Siegfried
Volker
Hagen
Dankwart
Hildebrand
Witiges
Totila
Teja
Libes
Euric
Gernot
Giselher
Beda
Gunderic
Gaesorix
Cotto
Biatec
Magalus
Bussumarus
Nonnos
Devil
Busu
Titto
BerigGoth
Filimer
AmalaGoth
Ermanaric
Thiudimir
Theoderic
FastidaGepid
ArdaricGepid
Valamir
Gadaric
Feva
Eric
Clondicus
Thorvald
Vibellius

GERMANIC CITIES

Border map


Germanic settlements were typically small, rarely containing much more than ten households, often less, and were usually located at clearings in the wood.Settlements remained of a fairly constant size throughout the period. The buildings in these villages varied in form, but normally consisted of farmhouses surrounded by smaller buildings such as granaries and other storage rooms. The universal building material was timber. Cattle and humans usually lived together in the same house.

Map with germanic cities

GERMANIC RELIGION

Germanic paganism refers to the theology and religious practices of the Germanic people of north-western Europe from the Iron Age up until their Christianization during the Medieval period.Being pagan in nature.Germanic paganism was polytheistic, with some underlying similarities to other Indo-Europen traditions.Many of the deities found in Germanic paganism appeared under similar names across the Germanic peoples, most notably the god known to the Germans as Wodan.

Woden-god of hunting.Most highest worshiped denity among Germans.

Donar-god of lightning and thunder

Ziu-god of war and sky.

Nerthus-goddess of fertility.

Freyja-Woden's wife.Goddess of fertility and love

Volla-goddess of riches

Ermen-God of strength

Sunna-god of the Sun

GERMANIC ARMY

The main weapon of the german infantry was the club and the spear along with looted roman equipment!

Gothic heavy cavalry


Wardogs


Saxon heavy cavalry


Scandinavian heavy infantry


Norse beserkers

Axe warband


Naked fanatics


Choosen axemen


Germanic archer warband

Germanic levy spearmen


Germanic pikemen





Spear warband


Heavy axe warband


light skirmishes


Slingers

Forester warband


Heavy skirmishers


Chatti medium cavalry


Chatii skirmishers


Youth skirmishes




Heavy archers


Saxson heavy infantry


Germanic light pikeman


Belgae swordsmen


German clubmen


Saxon light infantry


Marcomanni swords

Quadi spearmen



Sweboze spearmen


Foreign spearmen(On the borders between Celtic and Germanic territories, the cultures overlap and give rise to troops that are a mesh of both cultures)


Cheruscii Warband


Chatii Clubmen



Hattoz clubmen


Night raiders


Noble swordsmen


Germanic heavy pikeman


DID YOU KNOW ?

... that Pope Boniface II (papacy 530 to 532) was an Ostrogoth

... that Arminius, the Cheruscan warrior who successfully united several Germanic tribes (Cherusci, Marsi, Chatti , Bructeri , Chauci and Sicambri) to fight against and eventually defeat three Roman legions in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, had been trained as a Roman military commander and possessed Roman citizenship ?

... that the parapets of the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul are known to contain two Viking age runic inscriptions?

... that, according to Tacitus, Germanic people were piously monogamous, and that an adulteress was driven from her home by her husband wielding a whip?

... Germanic warriors would bring family members along to battles, to urge them on during the fight?



WEAPONS AND ARMOR

Danish axe


Norse axe



Saxon helmet


SYMBOLS

The ancient Germanic tribes lived in harmony with nature, and as their spiritual beliefs are based very much on the natural world, both wild and domestic beasts are highly revered. It was sensed that certain animals have special unique energies and elements of their nature and being that brought them into association with that of the various Gods and Goddesses whom they came to represent. These totem animals are often seen in dreams and visions as symbolic bearers of wisdom and might.


BEAR:The Bear is considered the greatest of all beasts, and are held sacred to Thor. Bears are considered to be similar in personality and temprement to humans as they are intelligent, curious, highly adaptable, brazen and persistant creatures, with an inate awareness of fairness and honour. A common favorite of berserkers and shape shifters, the Bear is often the totem spirit of those who are extraordinarily strong of body, mind, and soul.





BOAR:Linked to both Freyr and Frejya, the boar is traditionally associated with protection from harm. As an warriors' symbol, its body often formed the crest on helmets representing a potent sign of protection and ferocity in battle. The Wild Boar is the mightiest of the totem amimals of the Vanir. The Boar first taught mankind the arts of agriculture by showing us how to plough the Earth before "sowing" seeds by rooting up the ground with his tusks.

BOVINE:Agression and strength werehighly valued vitues to to Warrior Germanic tribes, Qualities assosiated with their most potent animal totem symbols. The untamed bull was venterated in all parts of Europe settled by the Germanic peoples, although its warlike connotations were tempered by its symbolic link to fertility and agricultural plenty that was assosiated with its counterpart the Ox.



DRAGON:The mighty Dragon is the dweller of the burial mound, and the physical and psychic embodiment the Earths natural powers of fertility. Representative of natural electromagnetic Earth energy, pictured as slithering across the skin of the earth, As the great serpent guardian of gold, the Dragon has been closely assosiated with unseen power, fertility, protection and esoteric wisdom.



EAGLE:The Eagle is considered the greatest of all birds, and is held sacred to Odin. Ancient tradition denotes that the Eagle's scream portends the birth of a heroic soul, while the mightiest of eagles sits atop the World Tree - Yggdrasil and represents the uppermost aspects of the conscious mind and is the ultimate in spiritual attainment, embodied in the Noble soul.







HORSE:The Sacred Horse is a potent symbol of intelligence, speed, grace, strength, virality, and fertillity. Its flowing mane representing the brilliant rays of the sun as the Horse is the beast which carries the wagons of the Sun and the Moon across the sky. Images of Horses appear on many early Bronze Age rock carvings depicting ancient scences of fertillity rights. The Stallion is held especially sacred to Freyr and Wotan, who would sometimes take residence in the body of a one of the Horses kept at their temples. These Horses contained cosmic wisdom and were consulted by priests who would decypher their neighs and snorts in divinity rites.






RABBIT:The motif of the rabbit is held sacred to Idunna in her contenental aspect of Eostara / Ostara, Goddess of the spring and renewer of life. As her totem animal the rabbit became a potent fertillity symbol in ancient times due to the rabbits well known ability to multiply rapidly.



RAVEN:The Raven is most closely associated with Odin, and as such, are birds of cunning, swift moving intelligence, esoteric wisdom, victory, war and death. Odin's two ravens, named Huginn and Muninn (translated as "thought" and "memory" respectively) sit at each of his shoulders and whisper in his ears all they see and hear. Shamanically, they represent the mind of the seer, flying silently through the 9 worlds of the universe, gathering hidden knowledge, gaining in wisdom, insight and inspiration. As birds of omens, the flight of ravens were used in predicting the future, while their harsh cries foretold the outcome of battles. Carrion birds associated with death, ravens will accompany the souls of the dead to the various afterworlds, and as such are blessed with the clear vision of the mysteries of life, death and rebirth.
Under the raven banners, the Viking invaders were said to be invincible against the English armies.



STAG:the Stag is a beast of noblility and Freyrs symbolic totem animal.
The symbol of the Stag went beyond its obvious Maleness and agressive qualities; the splayed antlers associated with the king of the forest because of the similaritiy to branch growth. And, like the decidious species of trees, the annual shedding of antlers in spring and autum made the Stag the embodiment of the cylical growth-decay-growth of nature. Along with the Wild Boar, the Stag was the most prized quarry of hunters.






WOLF:The Wolf is the traditional totem spirit and symbol of the hunter,warrior and magician. As such, the Wolf presents to us its dual nature of nurturing and destruction. On one side, the Wolf is the living embodyment of fury, chaos, and brute wildness. In contrast, the symbol of the wolf also represents one of the most intelligent, loyal, and sociable of animals, living and hunting in a co-operative family based pack. While the wildness of the wolf is its greatest strength, it is its' intelligence that is the wolfs' best asset which will temper, balance, and direct its feirce nature into positive action

[ahowl11]

SARMATIANS

In the fifth century BC, the Greek researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassus, the author of the Histories, describes the Sauromatae as the descendants of Scythian fathers and Amazon mothers. Of course, this is a legend, but the nomadic tribe did exist and lived where Herodotus says it lived, on the plains between the Black Sea and the Caspian sea, north of the Caucasus. The river Don divided the Sauromatae and the Scythians, the famous riders from Ukraine.


During the centuries after Herodotus, the Sarmatians gradually moved to the west. A first step is mentioned in a text published under the name of the sixth-century explorer Scylax of Caryanda, but in fact written in the second half of the fourth century. It refers Syrmatae west of the Don. In the mid-third century, the tribe controled large parts of Scythia, which can be deduced from the spread of the typical Sarmatian tombs. Greek sources describe the conquered country as a desert, which may be exaggerated but testifies to the violence of the Sarmatians.

By definition, tribes are loosely organized societies and the Sarmatians were no exception. During their migration to the west, they had assimilated other ethnic groups and from now on, it is probably best to describe them as a federation of tribes. When, the Greek geographer Strabo of Amasia described Sarmatia, he mentioned four groups living between the rivers Dnepr and Danube. His description is schematic: the ethnic groups correspond to the four points of the compass.

Sarmatian society was hierarchical. There was an aristocratic warrior elite (the argaragantes), and the real work was done by the limigantes or slaves. The tribe was still nomadic, roaming over the steppes on horseback or in covered wagons, the kibitkas. Greek and Roman observers often noted that Sarmatian women did not behave as they expected: their position was better than in the Mediterranean world. The Greeks explained this strange phenomenon with the hypothesis that the Sarmatians descended from the Amazons

K.F. Smirnov suggests that Sarmatian culture was originated from two kindred cultures - the Timber Grace culture in the Volga River region and Andronovo culture located in the southern Ural steppes. The Sauromatians were the eastern neighbors of the Scythians and both were kindred tribes. The relations between the Sauromatians and the Scythians were peaceful between the 6th to 4th centuries B.C. According to Herodotus, the Sauromatians fought with the Scythians against Darius in the 5th century B.C.

Sarmatian art was strongly geometric, floral, and richly coloured. Jewelry was a major craft, expressed in rings, bracelets, diadems, brooches, gold plaques, buckles, buttons, and mounts. Exceptional metalwork was found in the tombs, including bronze bracelets, spears, swords, gold-handled knives, and gold jewelry and cups.

In Sarmatia, the most decisive decision wise is the Elder Council. There the most important decisions are made, the choosen leader, is to administrate the society in the way to achive the decisions made in the council. When new leader is choosed, he must sign Pacta Conventa, which is to be prepared by Elders, and includes the goals that the choosen leader must strive towards during his cadency.
The Leader, the oldest of the elders, is to appear to the outside world as one, inside beign equal to his fellow Elders.

Like the Scythians,Sarmatians wore long hair and beards.According to the Greek author Lucian Alans wore their hair much shorter than the Scythians.

Ammianus description of Alans:"Nearly all the Alani are men of great stature and beauty ;their hair is somewhat yellow,their eyes are frighteningly fierce"

From the 4th century BC there is archaeological evidence for a "warrior caste"in some Sarmatian tribes,centerd on tribal leaders and aristocrats.The sinews of this warrior society were the personal bond and oath of friendship and loyalty,sworn on the sword and sealed by drinking drops of each other's blood mixed with wine.

Scythians and Sarmatians


Position of Scythians,Bosporans and Sarmatians


SARMATIAN TRIBES

The Suromatae-he Sauromatae were the dominant tribal group during the early period of Sarmatian history (c.600-300 BCE). They were supposed to have been descended from a mingling of Amazon women and Scythian men. The only recorded event involving them occurred in 507 BCE, when they joined the Scythians in repelling a Persian invasion.

Saii-A minor Sarmatian tribe in southwestern Ukraine.

Siraces-A tribal group which migrated to the Black Sea region from what is now Kazakhistan, settling in the Kuban region along the east coast of the Sea of Azov. The Siraces were a relatively small nation, able to muster approximately 20,000 horsemen in the mid first century BCE.

Roxolani-A tribe probably deriving their name from the proto-Iranian Raokhshna, or “shining”. The name may also derive from a term meaning, essentially, “The Western Alans”. They were among the most powerful of the Sarmatian tribes, inhabiting much of the region north of the Black Sea. The ruling dynasty of the Bosporan Kingdom (see Crimea) from the end of the 1st century BCE on was Sarmatian in origin, and probably belonged to the Roxolani originally.

Iazyges-One of the westernmost tribal groupings, inhabting Moldavia and eventually pushing their way into Thrace, northern Dacia, and Pannonia. The Iazyges were the nation with which the Romans had the most contact.

Aorsi-The easternmost of the Sarmatian nations, inhabiting the region around the lower Volga River and as far east as the Aral Sea. There may have been two Aorsi nations, one in the north and one in the south. The Chinese knew the Aorsi as “Yen-Ts’ai”.


Alans-The Alans, from whom the modern Ossetians claim descent, were a branch of the Sarmatians descended from a mélange of peoples, including Eastern tribes such as the Massagetae. The name Alan is thought to be derived from the same route as “Iran” and “Aryan” (indeed, the Ossetian self-designation is “Iron”) Some Alan tribes went west during the 300's CE and joined the Visigoths and Vandals in Spain and North Africa. The majority remained in the Caucasus region, around the Darial Pass. Their capital was Maghas (destroyed by the Golden Horde in 1339) and at various times they controlled the port city of Phasis, now in Georgia. Their kings had the title of Kundaj.


FACTION GOALS

Capture(number) of settlements and destroy or outlive faction/factions-Dacia,Bosporan Kingdom,Armenia,Atropatene Kingdom

Why?

Dacia-"In the third century, however, the Sarmatians occupied Dacia and from now on, the war against the tribes on the north bank of the Danube was really dangerous"

Bosporan Kingdom-"They were strong enough to demand tribute from the Greek towns on the northern shores of the Black Sea. However, relations were not always bad."-So you can put them as a goal for Sarmatians if you want."

Armenia&Atropatene-"during the 1 AD the Sarmatians and Alans truly began to enter recorded history when they conducted a series of spectacular raids on their civilised neighbours.Pouring into Asia Minor,they spread devastation among the Parthians,Medians and Armenians"...This was not in the time of our mod of course but since they later actually occupied some of that area(look the map above)you can put it because that was their intention.

SARMATIAN LEADER NAMES

Each Sarmatian people had its own king.The royal list names are usually Iranian in form.

Aripharnes(king of Siraces)
Rasparagnus(king of the Roxolani)
Sangiban(king of Alans)
Spadines(king of Aorsi)
Amage(queen of the Roxolani)
Tasius(king of the Roxolani)
Abeacus(king of Siraces)
Saitapharnes(king of Saii)
Harmonia(amazon queen)-A legendary ancestor-queen ascribed to the Amazons by the Romans.
Otere(amazon queen)
Lyssippe(amazon queen)-According to Greek sources, Lyssipe built the city of Themiscyra by Thermodon (the Sea of Azov) and introduced the worship of "Artemis" (perhaps the Anatolian mother-goddess Kybyle ?).
Valaska(amazon queen)
Dlasta(amazon queen)
Melanippe(amazon queen)
Ephasia Hippo(amazon queen)-Ephasia was the mythological founder of the city of Ephesus in Asia Minor
Andromache(amazon queen)
Eurayle(amazon queen)
Hippolyta(amazon queen)-In myth, Hippolyta's belt was stolen by Herakles, sparking a Graeco-Amazonian war.
Antiope(amazon queen)-According to Herodotus, Antiope abdicated and fled with the Athenian king Theseus, leading to an invasion of Greece by the Amazons and their Scythian allies. There is some (but not much) archeological evidence to support the idea of an invasion of Attica from the north during this period - this may be connected to the roughly contemporaneous invasions of the "People of the Sea" at about this time)
Molpadia(amazon queen)
Clete(amazon queen)
Penthesilea(amazon queen)-Penthesilea led the Amazons in support of her ally, Priam of Troy, and was killed by the Achaean hero Achilles.
Antianara(amazon queen)
Marpesia the Invader(amazon queen)-Marpesia was said to have led an invasion of Syria and Anatolia; this may be connected to the roughly contemporaneous Cimmerian invasions of the Near East.
Lampedo(amazon queen)
Orithia(amazon queen)
Thalestris(amazon queen)

Leadernames of the Amazons are not fictional,but as figures they were later(as you can see)used in myths!!!

"The later "history" of the Amazons is unknown. According to tradition, they intermarried with a Scythian tribe to form a new egalitarian society, the Sauromatae. From "Sauromatae" we get the name of the second great Iranic nation (after the Scythians) to rule the steppe - the Sarmatians."


SARMATIAN CITIES(I couldn't find better maps)






SARMATIAN RELIGION

The religious practices were consistant among the Sauro-Sarmatian nomads. They were typical of the clan-tribal cults of pre-Zoroastrian Iran. The gods were personified. Those gods of nature were the sky, the earth, and fire. Gods pertaining to social concepts were the domestic hearth and war. The evidence of fire cult practices is exemplified by charcoal and ashes found in the burials.

Khors is the personification of the sun, his name is believed to be of Iranian (Sarmatian?).

Simargl- god of war that was.He was depicted as a griffin (bird-like creature)

Zoroaster-like in RTW

SARMATIAN ARMY

The high amount of offensive weapons found in Sarmatian graves indicates a military-oriented nomaidc life.

They were strong enough to demand tribute from the Greek towns on the northern shores of the Black Sea. However, relations were not always bad. The Greeks traded with their neighbors and sometimes joined forces with the tribe when they felt threatened by the Scythians. These wars were very successful. The Scythians more or less disappear from history, and their country was from now on known as Sarmatia.

The most fascinating feasture of Sarmatian culture is their women warriors. Herodotus reported that the Sarmatians were said to be the offsprings of Scythians who had mated with Amazons and that their female descendants "have continued from that day to the present to observe their ancient [Amazon] customs, frequently hunting on horseback with their husbands; in war taking the field; and wearing the very same dress as the men" Moreover, said Herodotus, "No girl shall wed till she has killed a man in battle."

Both Herodotus and Hippocrates accounts inform us the Sarmatians took interest in turning their women into strong-armed huntresses and fighters. Archaeological materials seem to confirm Sarmatian women's active role in military operation and social life. Burial of armed Sarmatian women comprise large percent of the military burial in the group occupy the central position and appear the be the richest.

Lucian indicates that each leader brought with him a number of horsemen or foot soldiers and was expected to supply and equip them himself.

Not all the Scythians fled or died when the Sarmatians invaded. Some of them stayed and prospered under the new rulers. While they aren't anymore the epitome of the fiercly nomadic warior, these men fight in a manner more similar to the greeks, making them a valuable heavy cavalry force.

Sarmatian heavy archer






Roxolani spearmen




Sarmatian spearman


Sarmatian horsearchers




Roxolani steppe riders



Scythian noblemen

Roxolani heavy cavalry


Sarmatian steppe lancers

Roxolani steppe lancers


Sarmatian noble horse archers

Roxolani noble horse archers


Sarmatian noblemen


Roxolani noblemen

Sarmatian levy spearmen


Scythian foot archers


Steppe heavy swordsmen


Steppe heavy spearmen


Scythian noble archers


Wardogs


Scythian light cavalry


Sarmatian female archers


Sarmatian women horse archers


Sarmatian women noble horse archer


Scythian headhunting maiden


Sarmatian female heavy cavalry










WEAPONS-ARMOR

Horse trappings and weapons of the Sarmatians were also less elaborate than those of the Scythians, but they nonetheless evidenced great skill. Sarmatian spears were longer, but knives and daggers were just as varied in style. An outstanding specialty was the Sarmatian long sword, which featured a hilt of wood with gold lacing, topped with an agate or onyx knob.


Sarmatian uniforms


Scytho-Sarmatian arrowhead


Aromor piercing three-lobed arrowhead


Sarmatian longsword


Sarmatian shortsword


Sarmatian bow


More other pictures

[ahowl11]

REPUBLIC OF ROME

The Roman Republic was the period in Ancient Roman history characterised by its republican form of government. It began with the overthrow of the last Roman king, Lucius Tarquinious Superbus in 509BC when Lucius Junius Brutus (ancestor of Marcus Junius Brutus) led a revolt following the rape of a noblewoman, Lucretia, at the hands of Tarquin's son. The Republic was governed by an unwritten complex constitution based on the principles of a separation of powers and checks and balances.

Early in the republic, all power was concentrated into the hands of the patricians, aristocratic, wealthy land holders. Plebians were anyone who was not a patrician (the equestrian class would come later), and many were just as wealthy as the patricians. These "aristocratic" plebians came to fight what has been called the "War of the Orders" with the aristocrats in charge over the next 200 years. During this time period, during the early 5th century, a tribune of Plebians was elected to protect their class's rights, and reserved the power to veo movement by the artocratic Senate. By 367 BC, the first plebian had been elected consul, and in 450 BC, the twelve tabls were published, providing the first written, fair laws in the Roman world. Despite all of these things, power still depended on wealth in Ancient Rome, and even a Plebian would have to have access to financial resources to be elected to the magistracy.

The forum, originally a marshy valley between the Quirinal and Esquiline Hills, became the focus of public and political life. It was divided down the middle by the cloaca maxima, probably originially meant to be a storm sewer or drainage ditch. By the 6th century BC it was covered, and by the 2nd century BC it was Rome's chief sewer. Shops and houses lined the forum on the northeast and southwest sides. People assembled in the Comitium, a rectangular enclosure oriented to the four points of the compass. The Senate House (curia) was built into the north end of the Comitium, as was a speaker's platform, the rostra. On the southeast end of the forum stood the regia, the former kings' palace. It was now occupied by the Pontifex Maximus and Vestal Virgins.

A great combined effort by the Latins and Greeks at the colony of Cumae overthrew the Etruscans from power south of the Tiber. Rome then became a member - and eventually leader - of a lose alliance of nations developing along the Tiber called the Latin League. Soon, however, disaster struck. Gallic tribes, who had been slowly infiltrating across the Alps into Northern Italy, crosse the Apennines and sacked Rome in 390 BC. Legend has it that only the fortified capital survived the destruction. Rome did not withstand such losses until 476 AD when WRE(western Roman Empire) stop existing and Odoaccer took control.

Rome survived, however, and quickly recovered to begin the conquest of Italy. Taking ove the Latin League, each Estruscan city slowly fell; the hill peoples followes suit. The Samnites built up the most resistance, but by 290 BC all of central Italy was under Roman rule. The Romans continued their campaign by driving the Gallic sackers out of Italy in 283 BC, and then turned south to the Greek city/states. Despite intervention by King Pyrrhus of Epirius, they were subsequently conquered in 275 BC.

Then Rome fought some its most taxing wars in its long history - the Punic Wars against the people of Carthage in North Africa (now the city of Tunis in Tunisia). The first was waged over the possession of Sicily (264-241 BC), and then against the great general Hannibal (218-201 BC). Invading Italy out of a Spanish power base in 218 BC, he won three great victories, such as that at Cannae in Apulia, 216 BC, and managed to detach much of southern Italy from Rome before his defeat by the Scipios compaigning in North Africa

The Roman senate


The Senate of the Roman Republic was a political institution in the ancient Roman Republic. The senate passed decrees called senatus consulta, which in form constituted "advice" from the senate to a magistrate. While these advices did not hold legal force, they usually were obeyed in practice.If a senatus consultum conflicted with a law (lex) that was passed by an Assembly, the law overrode the senatus consultum, because the senatus consultum had its authority based in precedent, and not in law. A senatus consultum, however, could serve to interpret a law.

Through these advices, the senate directed the magistrates, especially the Roman Consuls (the chief-magistrates) in their prosecution of military conflicts. The senate also had an enormous degree of power over the civil government in Rome. This was especially the case with regards to its management of state finances, as only it could authorize the disbursal of public fund from the treasury. As the Roman Empire grew, the senate also supervised the administration of the provinces, which were governed by former consuls and praetors, in that it decided which magistrate should govern which province.

While senate meetings could take place either inside or outside of the formal boundary of the city (the pomerium), no meeting could take place more than a mile outside of the pomerium.The senate operated while under various religious restrictions. For example, before any meeting could begin, a sacrifice to the gods was made, and a search for divine omens (the auspices) was taken.

Meetings usually began at dawn, and a magistrate who wished to summon the senate had to issue a compulsory order.The senate meetings were public,and were directed by a presiding magistrate, usually a Consul.

The ethical requirements of senators were significant. Senators could not engage in banking or any form of public contract. They could not own a ship that was large enough to participate in foreign commerce,and they could not leave Italy without permission from the senate. Senators were not paid a salary. Election to magisterial office resulted in automatic senate membership.


SPQR-Senatus Populusque Romanus(Roman senat and roman people)

FACTION GOALS

Capture(number)of settlements and destroy or outlive faction/factions:tribes of Gaul,Repunlic of Carthage,Greek cities-States,Kingdom of Macedonia

Why?

Tribes of Gaul-Because Rome was in war with Gauls and they at the end conquered all Gaul.

Republic of Carthage-"The Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage spanned the years from 264 - 146 B.C. With both sides well-matched, the first two wars dragged on and on; eventual victory going not to the winner of a decisive battle, but to the side with the greatest stamina. The Third Punic War was something else entirely."

Greek cities-states-"Pyrrhic wars-Sparta's one colony, Tarentum, was a wealthy commercial center with a navy, but an inadequate army. When a Roman squadron of ships arrived at the coast of Tarentum, in violation of a treaty of 302 that denied Rome access to its harbor, they sank the ships and killed the admiral and added insult to injury by spurning Roman ambassadors. To retaliate, the Romans marched on Tarentum, which had hired soldiers from King Pyrrhus of Epirus. The Pyrrhic War spanned c. 280-272."

Kingdom of Macedonia-"Rome fought 4 Macedonian Wars between 215 and 148 B.C. The first was a diversion during the Punic Wars, in the second Rome officially freed Greece from Philip and Macedonia, the third Macedonian War was against Philip's son Perseus, and the fourth Macedonian War made Macedonia and Epirus a Roman province."

ROMAN REPUBLIC LEADER AND GENERALS NAMES

Historical names of roman leaders and generals from the start to the end of the Roman Republic!

Important leaders:

Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix(former lieutenant of Marius.Hero of war with Jugurtha,Cimbri and Teutones.Participated in the Social war-first Roman to lead army agains Rome.He also plundered Athens,denuded tribunes of power and reformed cursus honorum)

Cursus honorum-sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in both the Roman republic and the early Empire.

Gaius Marius(Marian reforms of the army)

Gaius Juslius Caesar(Caesar was born of an old patrician family and had been a keen and daring follower of the great general Marius (who achieved the heady heights of being made Consul seven times). He was also married to the daughter of the consul Cinna a great ally of Marius who came to government representing the people of Rome.He was a great conqueror and leader of the Roman faction and one of the greatest men throughout history)

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus&Caius Sempronius Gracchus(Agrarian reforms!)

Publicus Cornelius Scipion Africanus Major(Defeatef Hannibal)

Marcus Tullius Cicero( is rather unique in a number of ways. Most interestingly he was not a general but rather an acclaimed jurist, politician and writer/philosopher (you might roll it all into one by calling him an Orator). He became Consul, prevented the Catiline coup-d'etat, was acclaimed father of the nation but was eventually assassinated and beheaded by one of his clients at the behest of Mark Anthony and his wife Fulvia.)


Other Leaders:

Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
Lucius Junius Brutus
Marcus Furius Camillus
Coriolanus
Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus
Mark Anthony
Pompey the Great
Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus
Lucius Cornelius Scipio
Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus
Lucius Aemilius Paullus
Horatius
Gaius Octavius
Publicus Cornelius Dolabella
Marcus Junius Brutus
Gaius Trebonius
Cassius Longius
Aemilius Lepidus
Servilius Vatia Isauricus
Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio
Domitius Calvinus
Domitius Ahenobarbus
Annius Milo
Clodius Pulcher
Vatinius
Caecilius Metellus Nepos
Cornelius Lentulus Spinther
Memmius
Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus
Terentius Varro
Porcius Cato Uticensis
Gabinius
Calpurnius Bibulus
Sergius Catilina
Horensius Hortalus
Licinius Crassus Dives
Cornelius Verres
Licinius Lucullus
Lutatius Lucullus
Aemilius Lepidus
Quintius Sertorius
Papirus Carbo
Cornelius Cinna
Pompeius Strabo
Porcius Cato
Lucius Julius Caesar
Livius Drusus
Maucius Scaevola Augur
Appuleius Saturninus
Servilius Caepio
Caecilius Metellus Numidicus
Aemilius Scaurus
Mucius Scaevola
Junius Brutus Gallaecus
Sulpicius Galba
Caecilius Metellus Macedonius
Aemilius Paullus Macedonius
Flavius Nobilior
Porcius Cato
Quinctius Flamininus
Lucius Scipio Asiaticus
Livius Salinator
Fabius Maximus Verrucosus Cuncator
Caius Flaminius
Fulvius Flaccus
Lutatius Catulus
Cornelius Scipio Asina
Marcus Atilius Regulus
Curius Dentatus
Fabius Maximus Gurges
Cornelius Scipio Scapla
Claudius Caecus
Fabius Maximus Rullianus
Papirius Cursor
Valerius Maximus Corvus
Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus
Marcus Rutilus
Popilius Laenas
Fabius Ambustus
Lucinius Stolo
Appius Claudius
Quinctius Capitolius Barbatus
Marcus Fabius Vibulanus
Caius Fabius Vibulanus
Qunictius Fabius Vibulanus
Cassius Vecellinus
Marcius Coriolanus
Valerius Publicola

ROMAN REPUBLIC CITIES

Northern Italy



Southern Italy




Sicily+Malta




ROMAN REPUBLIC RELIGION

The origins of the Roman pantheon began with the small farming community that made up the ancient village of Rome. The foundations of the mythology included nameless and faceless deities that lended support to the community while inhabiting all objects and living things. Numen, as the belief in a pantheistic inhabitation of all things is called, would later take root in more clearly defined system of gods, but early on this belief that everything was inhabited by numina was the prevalent system.Most of the Roman gods and goddesses were a blend of several religious influences. Many of these were introduced via the Greek colonies of southern Italy and others had their roots in the Etruscan or Latin tribes of the region. In some cases the Etruscan or Latin names survived throughout the cultural existence of Rome, but many were adopted so completely that they maintained their names from other cultures.

ROMAN GREEK

Apollo-God of the sun and music(Appolo)

Bacchus-god of wine(Dionysus)

Ceres-goddess of the Earth(Demeter)

Cupid-god of love and lovers(Eros)

Diana-goddess of Moon and hunting(Artemis)

Fortuna-goddess of luck(/)

Janus-god of gates,doors and new beginnings(/)

Juno-Queen of the gods(Hera)

Jupiter-King of the gods.God of lightning and sky(Zeus)

Maia-goddess of growth(/)

Mars-god of war(Ares)

Mercury-Messenger of the gods(Hermes)

Minerva-goddess of wisdom(Athena)

Neptune-god of sea(Poseidon)

Pluto-King of the underworld(Hades)

Proserpina-Queen of the underworld(Persephone)

Saturn-god of agriculture(Cronus)

Uranus-god of the Heavens(Ouranos)

Venus-goddess of love(Aphrodite)

Vesta-goddess of heart(Hestia)

Vulcan-god of smithing(Hephaestus)

Victoria-goddess of victory(Nike)


ROMAN REPUBLIC ARMY

The age for joining the military was 17-46 in the Republic, and armies would be raised and disbanded as soon as possible - though quick disabnding did not always occur. Being in the army was a service, not a job.During the Marian times, soldiers had to be in the army at least 5 years before they could be given their "reward". During Augustan times there was 20 years of military service.The 25 years of military service came later in the imperial era.Roman soldiers were called legionnaires but they could also be called Auxilia. Auxilia were paid less and had fewer privileges than the legionnaires and they were non-citizen recruits and they came mostly from provinces. The legion would be his family and home at that time. They were under the rule of the roman kingdom, then the roman republic and then later after that the roman empire became part of the roman military.

Pre-Marian(reforms)weapons and Armor


Legionnaires
The legionnaires had to carry every thing they needed including all the tools. It took several centuries before Rome became a vast empire. Rome’s vast machines dominated that time. At the early years of Rome, soldiers had to provide and make their own equipment. The Roman soldiers or the Legionnaires had to make sure that they could support themselves during wars when they are injured. For the weapons the legionnaires had to use a pilum (javelin), a gladius (short sword), a pugio (dagger), and also a scutum (as shield). There were also many types of armor legionnaires wore outside of Italy legionnaires wore different things as the legionnaires inside of Italy. Legionnaires outside of Italy used spatha (long swords) and they often wore chain mails. Legionnaires got their freedom at the end of their term, when they finish their contract of being a soldier. Then you will be paid much, treated well and you can live with your familyThe Legionnaires were mostly equipped like Principes (Montefortino Helmet, Chainmail, Oval Scutum) until about 50 AD, when Lorica Segmentata and the likes came in favour (though they never replaced the chainmail, which was just cheaper and gave about the same amount of protection).

Legionnaire


Legionnaire testudo formation



Pre-Marian(reform) Roman units

Hastati

Were a class of infantry in the armies of the early Roman Republic who originally fought as spearmen and later as swordsmen. They were originally some of the poorest men in the legion, and could afford only modest equipment — light armour and a large shield, in their service as the lighter infantry of the legion. Later, the hastati contained the younger men rather than just the poorer, though most men of their age were relatively poor. Their usual position was the first battle line. They fought in a quincux formation, supported by light troops. They were eventually done away with after the Marian reforms of 107 BC.

Hastati swordsmen


Hastati spearmen


Samnite spearmen


Principes

Were spearmen, and later swordsmen, in the armies of the early Roman Republic. They were men in the prime of their lives who were fairly wealthy, and could afford decent equipment. They were the heavier infantry of the legion who carried large shields and wore good quality armour.Their usual position was the second battle line. They fought in quincux formation, supported by light troops. They were eventually done away with after the Marian reforms of 107 BC.



Triarii spearmen

Were one of the elements of the early Roman military Manipular legions of the early Roman Republic (509 BC – 107 BC). They were the oldest and among the wealthiest men in the army, and could afford good quality equipment. They wore heavy metal armour and carried large shields, their usual position being the third battle line.During the Camillan era, they fought in a shallow phalanx formation, supported by light troops. In most battles triarii were not used because the lighter troops usually defeated the enemy before the triarii were committed to the battle. They were meant to be used as a decisive force in the battle, thus prompting an old Roman saying: 'Going to the triarii' (res ad triarios venit), which meant carrying on to the bitter end. They were eventually phased out after the Marian reforms of 107 BC.


Sardinian Archers

The Sardinians were an ancient indo-european people settled here since prehistorical age, with a strong local Nuragic culture and various influences from the etruscans, ligurians, iberians, and early "sea people" settlers as the eastern Shardana which left their name to the whole island during the bronze age, and a later strong mycenanean influence.These archers were versatile and skilled infantrymen, good ambushers, highly accurate, well-protected with a chainmail-like protection and an liguro-etruscan old-style horned helmet. They were good swordsmen, fightning with a gladius on close contact, and were probably the best renowned mercenary archers in the part of the mediterranean, rivalling with the cretans.They were also part of Carthaginian army where they fought as mercenaryes.




Roman slingers

Recruits are to be taught the art of throwing stones both with the hand and sling.Soldiers, not withstanding their defensive armour, are often more annoyed by the round stones from the sling than by all the arrows of the enemy. Stones kill without mangling the body, and the contusion is mortal without loss of blood. It is universally known the ancients employed slingers in all their engagements. There is the greater reason for instructing all troops, without exception, in this exercise, as the sling cannot be reckoned any encumbrance, and often is of the greatest service, especially when they are obliged to engage in stony places, to defend a mountain or an eminence, or to repulse an enemy at the attack of a castle or city.


Velites

Were a class of infantry in the Polybian legions of the early Roman republic. Velites were light infantry and skirmishes who were armed with a number of light javelins, or hastae velitares, to fling at the enemy, and also carried short thrusting swords, or gladii for use in melee. They rarely wore armour, as they were the youngest and poorest soldiers in the legion and could not afford much equipment. They did carry small wooden shields for protection though, and wore a headdress made from wolf skin to allow officers to differentiate between them and other heavier legionaries.They were normally the ones who engaged war elephants and chariots if they were present on the field; their high mobility and ranged weaponry made them much more effective against these enemies than heavy infantry. An early Roman legion contained approximately 1,000 velites. Velites were eventually done away with after the Marian reforms.



Italici archers


Italici spearmen


Samnite skirmishes


Roman skirmishes


Roman levy skirmishes


Equites


Umbrian hoplites


Italici Hoplites


Post Marian(reform)Roman units

Archer auxilia

Auxilian archers in the roman army were from Syria and Crete



Auxilia spearmen


Legionnaire cohort

Historically, the organization of the legion began to change at the end of the 2nd century BC and in the early 1st century BC all but the heavy infantry had disappeared. The Hastati, Principes and Triarii were now all equipped in the same manner and only their names remained. Three of their maniples, each increased in size to 160 men, now formed one cohort, the new main tactical unit of the Roman infantry, besides the now 80 men strong centuria. However, in most times the late republican legions did not reach their theoretical strength, and around 400 men per cohort was far more common. These changes offered much more tactical flexibility to the legion. Instead of being limited to a three line battle formation, the soldiers could be positioned as easily in one, two, or even more lines. A cohort was big enough to operate separated from the main army, to perform smaller tasks independently.



Sertoriani cohort


General's guard cavalry


Praetorian cavalry


Praetorian Guard

They were an elite recruitment of Italians (Roman citizens and Latins). The emperors also often employed a small separate unit of bodyguards, distinct from and, in a degree, as a counterbalance to the Praetorian Guard.It was a habit of many Roman generals to choose from the ranks a private force of soldiers to act as guards of the tent or the person. They consisted of both infantry and cavalry!



Heavy Praetorian guard


Light auxilia


Wardogs

Romans use dogs!...Especially in their campaign in Britania!


NOTE-If you want you can make Legions like in Roma Surrectum II...I don't know any different unit type for the post marian reforms!