Abstract
Female labor force participation can be influenced by persistent dif-
ferences in cultural norms about the perception of women in society.
We empirically examine where these dierences come from. Central
to our explanation are historic dierences in agricultural technologies,
which generated historical dierences in the organization of market
versus household work along gender lines. We show that, consistent
with the existing anthropological evidence, in societies with a tradi-
tional use of animal plough agriculture the division of labor is split
along gender lines, with men working outside of the home in agricul-
ture and industry, and women working within the home. We then
document the persistence of these cultures over time by examining
the relationship between historic plough use and contemporary fe-
male labor force participation, female participation in politics, and
individuals' attitudes about the role of women. We present estimates
at the ethnicity, sub-national region, and country levels. We identify
the causal eect of plough technology on attitudes about women by
instrumenting for the historic use of the plough with the society's en-
dowment of geography suitable for growing crops that require plough
cultivation with those that do not.
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