From a cursory examination, it seems that a) the +x to influence does not mean +x% per turn, since it doesn't take 200 turns to convert a province even when influence is at +0.5, and b) each province spreads +0.5 (at the beginning, I think; some techs/buildings increase this) of whatever allegiance it is to neighbouring provinces. Also, the happiness penalty from wrong alignment only ever changes by +/- 1 per turn, going up to a maximum of -8 (I think) on normal difficulty.
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