I can shed some more light on to egypt. When Cleopatra died in 30 BC? Augustus took over Egypt and was proclaimed pharaoh. After he killed Cleo's older kids (the one she had with Caesar most of all). He set up egypt as part of the Roman empire. While it was part of the empire it was a personal domain of the emperors not a province. But for convinience it was ruled in the same manner as one. All emperors of Roman empire were pharaoh's of egypt. Far as I know this situation continued until the arab conquest. As for the ethnicity of the modern Egyptians well, when the arabs conquered they just replaced the latin-greek ruling class of the Romans with an arab one. And as time went on the Egyptians just absorbed arab culture to the point that now they consider themselfs arab. But ethnically and genetically the modern egyptians are the same people that built the pyramids the sphenix. And gave us rulers like Ramases the great.