Sicilia Graecus (where Syracuse is located) having the 'sparta' resource doesn't surprise me. It has to be an oversight on the part of the developers. The strategic map has lots of little errors and inconsistencies like that. For instance, when rebelling why does Cyrenacia generally declare itself a Macedonian province? Check the descr_strat text file and look for the line that says faction_creator macedon to get the answer. Sicilia Graecus and a few other provinces that should have stronger cultural ties to the Greek City States also have this line. Seems like someone didn't double check the strategic map files for errors before finalizing the retail build.
LOL, that is so wrong.

Syracuse was one of the oldest greek city-states, so it makes sense that it can build spartan hopelites. On a related note, some cities revolt to Macedonia because, historically, it was very powerful not so long ago, hense their allegience.