While it's not possible to make use of the culture penalty as a recruiting conditional, mods such as RTR, the Ptolmeic mod and the forthcoming EB all address cultural differences through a variety of abstracts.
To vary the quality of units all you need to do is define a new unit with lower stats than the original, eg Provincial Legionaries as opposed to Italian Legionaries. This would be primarily done in export_descr_unit.txt but several other files would be affected as well and can be made easier with tools such as GodsPetMonkey's Caligula which you can find details of in here.
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