It's very hard to determin exactly what kind of structure their army's had. It was not like the organized and specialized army's further south.
The cuntry was built up by partly independent farms (gaard's) sme big and ritch, some small. Every farm wold have slaves/trells (thrall) freed men and the landlords family. They wold allso have a hird (guard of the landlords and their gaard) The size and gear of this hird wold often be relative to the size and richness of the gaard.
The hird (allso known as Karls/Huskarls (house karls) was usually responsible for defence of the gaard, but in times of crises, the workers on the farm wold allso take to arms with whatever skill they had. (hunters = archers, farmers = spearmen aso.) so called bondis (bonde = farmer)
In times of war and defence of the cuntry, The kings and Jarls wold send out massages to all the gaards. the loyal ones wold then show up with their hird, and sometimes allso regular workers, depending on the time of year(somone had to keap the gaard running) and the magnitude of the threat. All together these men wold form the Norse defencive army.
The viking armys, the ones we usually combine with the norse pople, were actually pirates (in norse viking=pirate) and adventurers seeking loot (some working at farms all year, but joining raids in the middle of the summer when the farms didn't need mutch attention. It was these pople who were responsible for most of the grusome raids in Britain and Europe. They allso raided the Norse cuntry's alot. (In norway there were an alarmsystem along the coast using fire in the same way as seen in LOTR: ROTK to be able to respond to the raids.)
The viking armys were ofcourse used politically by The Norse Kings/Jarls/Landlords in war, as merc's, with the promise of loot. The Kings/Jarls/Landlords wold ofcourse jon the vikings with their own men, to get their part of the loot.
In battle, using cavalery wasn't an option. The commun horses used in Scandinavia, and by Vikings, were small strong horses suited for seatravel, and hard work. As ridinghorses big strong horses were seen as good horses, but these were slow, and not suited for fighting like the frankish and aabic ones. Still, norse armys wold have cavalery scouts that could end up in scirmishes. They allso used horses when chasing routed armymen, so some lowlevel cavalery wold be fine.
Thats why i want to see the army as follows:
Lovest level troops: bondi spearmen and archers and spearthsowers
Viking troops: Spearmen, axemen, and archers, maybe allso spearthrowers. More professional then the bondis, but not too well equiped.
Professional army: Geirrmen (spear) karls, huskarls, heavy axemen, aso.
- Its not too easy with the names, but a Karl working for the Jarl/King wold be mutch bether trained and equiped then a Karl working for a lesser landlord, so we shouldn't have one Karl or Hird unit, but have them in ceveral levels.
The special units is easy (Birkebeiners, Berserkers, Jomsvikings) These were known for their special abilitys and devotion to battle.
-Skel-
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