Sometime during the Crisis of the Third Century, a Roman emperor gets smart and withdraws from the whole of Africa, Asia, and parts of Europe, leaving the Empire to now consist of Italy and the Balkan Peninsula, plus Byzantium. A crisis is averted and things soon stabilize.
The barbarians keep pouring in but with so much less to defend the Romans are able to repulse them easily. Christianity cannot make a dent in the condensed empire and instead spreads to Northern Africa, Persia, and Arabia. Around 600 AD, a man named Muhammed, believing that he carries the word of God, organises a Christian empire with a capital at Jerusalem and tries to convert the "heathen" Romans. Centuries of tension escalate.
There are on and off wars between Rome and Jerusalem for a number of years, each conflict getting bloodier. Eventually Jerusalem begins a series of Crusades aimed at spreading their influence. However, around 1187 the Roman forces deal a decisive defeat to Pope Saladin's army in Syria, and the Christians are forced to retreat deep into the desert, where they meet China.
There is a long stretch of peace known as the Second Pax Romana where technology flourishes. The Romans care little for exploration, however, and North America remains undiscovered. In the 1400s, the Mongol Empire, now Christian and led by the descendents of Genghis Khan, migrate west and find that their old territories such as Jerusalem and Alexandria are now occupied by semi-independent city-states that pay tribute to Rome but are pretty much left alone. They attack, and a new series of Crusades begin. However, it is short lived, as Roman machine guns massacre the Christian Mongols and their swords.
Of course this technology will leak into the rest of Europe. The barbarians renew their attempts to take Italy and Greece, this time with greater weapons. Thus begins a long, hard struggle between Rome fending off the barbarians, not to mention holding off assaults from the Mongolian Empire, who developed weaponry of their own.
Things reached a high point when emperor Napoleonius Bonapartian of Corsica devastated the barbarians, especially the Gauls, for years in the early 1800s. He also brought reforms to the Roman people, making them more free. However, peace under Napoleonius lasted shortly more than a century when the barbarians united under Adolf Hitler. Hitler's forces, combined with an alliance with the Mongolian Empire, threatened to destroy Rome. The Great War erupted, and at first things looked grim, up until the Mongols bombed Dubai. The semiindependent city-states then pledged their help, and slowly but surely the enemy was driven back. The barbarians were pushed to Scandanavia, with the whole of Europe a no-man's land. Meanwhile Antioch nuked the baloney out of the Mongolian cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and peace was Rome's.
Things are in the rebuilding stage. Rome is realizing the importance of a globalized economy, and offering help to the defeated enemy. Meanwhile, the Roman agents in Mongolia have reported that the Mongolians have made contact with a strange group of people far across the Pacific Ocean...
That, my friends, is what would have happened if Rome never fell.
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