I think the Italians were using something similar (a mini-sub) at the start of the war. Not a devastating succes, but IIRC they did do some damage.

Some damage being with a combination of mini-subs and scuba divers they left several British Battleships sitting on the harbour bottom till they could be repaired/refloated .

One of those really big American strategic bombers buzzing around in the fifties or so (don't recall the name, but it apparently has the distinction of being about the largest class of bomber the US ever deployed) also tried that fighter-carrying schtick. I think the fighter was called "Goblin" or something like that.

Some B-36 were eqipped with parasite fighters F-85 Goblin but they were abandoned after tests , however RF-84Thundersflash (recon version of the Thunderstreak) were used as the B-36 extended the range and the trapeze gear allowed for recovery as well as launch of the aircraft

I believe the US did something similar with an airship and several biplane fighters attached
As did the British , Italians and Germans dating back to WWI .