Wiki claims it first reappeared in late 1500s Italian as colonnello in charge of a colonne of troops, and entered English through French. *shrug* Following up the word "column" didn't yield much though (indeed, the article looked downright dubious and confused), so as of yet I'll be a tad sceptical of the claim to Roman origin. It's not like the Romanic languages were ever exactly shy of altering old Latin words to their convenience anyway.

Whatever the specific origin though the point of rather ancient ancestry behind assorted titles remains. "Captain" I know was already in use during the Middle Ages, and probably "corporal" as well ("myriad", although not a military term nowadays, was apparently a Persian unit designation in Classical times...).