I don't wish to labour the point as we veer off topic, but the terms are
not mutually exclusive - each is actually meaningless without the other - a calibre requires the descriptor of a measurement.
In your example, you are still using just the shorthand, which is confusing you. The correct meaning of your sentence is:
..firing a 10 millimetre calibre bullet from a .40 inch calibre pistol..
If you say 'a 10mm bullet' are you saying the bullet is 10mm long, square or what? By convention, most people would accept that you are actually saying it is 10 mm
in diameter (calibre).
For brevity's sake, people leave out either the measurement or calibre word, but by doing so they have to know what is being left out. The original article was simply being accurate, using the full descriptor.
Make sense?

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