How sure are you about not having a Pope during some of this time period (476-1095)??


Rise of Islam -- Muslim raids extended until the early/mid 10th cent. Pope Leo VI called for assistance against "Arabs/Saracens" threatening Rome. Pope John VIII(872-882) as well. Rome was sacked in 846 by Muslims, which forced Leo IV to build the Leonine Wall(848-849).


Age of Charlemagne -- The actions of Charlemagne and Hadrian I's request(773). Leo III's crowning Charlemagne, "Holy Roman Emperor"(800).