Except Chrysaspides never existed. Bar-Kochva made an error, which I assume he will correct if he ever gets the chance.

The Astheteroi can be translated as "closest companions". Whether that means a higher rank or higher quality I do not know. It is probable, but we do know they occupied the "position of honor" - as in, they were deployed on the right of the phalanx closest to the king.

The Hysteroi Pezhetairoi are still in EB. They are the reformed phalanx.

The Argyraspides developed during Alexander's campaigns and were formed from the older members of the phalanx. This seems to have changed by EB's time and in the Seleukid army they are formed by the sons of military settlers. The Makedonians are still a bit of a mystery. We see a corps d'elite at Pydna, but I do not know if that is them.

The term of peltastai for the elite phalanxes seems to have arisen because they had used the larger pelte shield rather than the smaller, regular phalanx shield.