I think each province has the following Types of structures (excluding forts)
Structure 1 - In capital buildings - What types of things can be built in the region capital is based on the region and does not change. For example St. petersburg is very small in terms of population (less then 100K) but you can build a full range of buildings in city. I do not believe this changes over time. Other examples are in the Americas where a few cities (like Quebec) get all options while the rest only seem to get the main magistrate building and walls.
Structure 2 - Towns - Each region has from 1 to 5 towns (Max capacity of 5). I read this in a review somewhere. As time goes on your villages will turn into normal towns or ports (see above for more details). When you build a structure like a weavers town the output is dependant on population for teh region I believe. So always best to upgrade your smiths in the large regions first.
Structure 3 - Resources - Each region has a pre-defined set of resources like famland, plantations, mines, etc...These are fixed by province and I believe the yield (low, medium, high) is also fixed. I have never seen a new farm or resource emerge.
If anyone has seen anything that contradicts these please post as this was something that I have tried to explore myself while playing the campaign.
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