Alexander Empire Builder
Setting the stage the Peloponnesian War severely weakened several Greek city-states. This rapid decline in there military and economic power. To make matters worse in the 50 years after Sparta defeated Athens in 404BC, the two city-states continued to fight each other. In the nearby kingdom of Macedonia, King Phillip III took note. King Phillip dreamed of first taking control of Greece. Then Phillip planed to move against Persia and seize its vast wealth. Phillip also hoped to avenge the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC.
Phillip builds Macedonia’s power
Just north of Greece, the kingdom of Macedonia had rough mountains and cold climate. The Macedonians were a tough people who lived in mountain villages rather than city-states. The Macedonian language was related to Greek. Most Macedonian nobles thought of themselves as Greeks. The Greeks, however, looked down on the Macedonians as uncivilized foreigners who had no great philosophers, sculptors, or writers. They did however, have an important resource in there shrewd and fearless kings.
Phillip’s power In 359 BC, Phillip II became king of Macedonia. Though only 23 years old, he quickly proved to be a brilliant general and a ruthless politician. Phillip transformed the rugged peasants under his command into a professional army. He organized his troops into Phalanxes that were 16 men across and 16 men deep. Phillip used this heavy Phalanx formation armed with 18-foot pikes to pave the way for Calvary strikes though enemy lines. Once this phalanx had broken though, Phillip used the fast moving Calvary to crush his disorganized opponents. When he first used these tactics against northern opponents who had invaded Macedonia, Phillip’s powerful army proved unbeatable. Within a short time, he was preparing to invade Greece.
Conquest of Greece The Athenian orator Demosthenes (dee-MAHS-thuh-NEEZ) tried to warn the Greeks of the threat Phillip and his army posed. He urged them to unite against him. However, the Greeks cities could not agree on any single policy. Finally in 338 BC, Athens and Thebes-two Greek city-states-joined forces against Phillip. By then it was too late. The Macedonians soundly defeated the Greeks at the battle of Chaeronea (KAIR-uh-NEE-uh) .Phillip 18-year-old son Alexander led a successful Calvary charge that helped win the battle. The defeat at Chaeronea ended Greek freedom and independence. The city-states retained self government in local affairs. However, Greece itself remained firmly under the control of a secession of foreign powers-the first of which was Phillip’s Macedonia. Although Phillip planned to invade Persia next, he never got the chance. At his daughters wedding in 336 BC, a former guardsman stabbed him to death. With the support of the army, Phillip’s son Alexander immediately proclaimed himself as king of Macedonia. Because of his accomplishments over the next 30 years, he became known in history as Alexander the great.
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