For governors, proximity has no bearing. The only proximity factors you need to consider is the distance of a province from the faction leader and keeping the most disloyal generals with otherwise good stats in the same province as the faction leader - this will prevent them revolting. A governor's loyalty doesn't factor into provincial loyalty. IIRC the only way a governor effects provincial loyalty is through the dread and piety stats. Higher dread = higher happiness (provincial loyalty) in the governed province, higher piety = higher happiness in in the governed province of the same religion / lower happines in the governed province of a different religion. So for example if you're the Almohads and invade Portugal, you want a high dread, low piety governor to keep order - he can be a temp governor until you've used other means to restore order (town watch, watch towers, brothel, church, spies, garrison size, converted the province, etc). Once the province is stable and you want to make money you can send an emissary to demote him and assign someone more suitable.
Yes, this works but if your faction leader is already low influence the victim will be replaced with another low loyalty general. I tend to orchestrate the treason plots in combination with other influence boosting measures - i.e. a few invasions or a jihad/crusade.
All generals stats are based on the stats of the ruler with an added random factor. Loyalty in particular is based on the faction leader's influence. If you have a low influence faction leader, expect low loyalty generals. In the case of such a faction leader (i.e. a 0 - 3 influence leader) you can literally "train" yourself into a state of civil war - because all new units you train will be low loyalty. Once the number of disloyal generals outnumbers the loyal ones, civil war can erupt.
Yes leaving out of stack builds up vices/virtues for the governor, but personally I don't see it as worthwhile as not every general governs and some can progress on to worse vices while they are just sitting in a province. It does happen in time - many vices are related to treasury size as well.
The random acumen of newly trained unit leaders is based on the faction leader's acumen. This is why the French in Early get lots of high acumen generals from the start and throughout the first king's lifespan.
-Edit: Drone has summed it up better than I could have.
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