Motherboard product code should be at the bottom of the post screen if it's not, or if there's an oem logo, you may have to hit esc or to show you what's going on behind the scenes. There may also be a bios option to disable the logo.

That temperature is potentially dangerous. And as Husar has stated a CPU can heat up extremely quickly when insufficent or badly applied cooling is used. You may need to reapply thermal compound ad give your heatsink and fan a good clean. I make a point of cleaning it out every few months to remove all of the dust from the fan and heatsink. The heatsink can usually be washed, but you need to ensure it's completely dried off before refitting it. The thermal compund should be reapplied very sparing to the surface of the CPU die and carefully scraped flat. When the heatsink is repositioned it is important not twist or apply uneven pressure, as this pushes the compound out and away from the die. Once that's done you should fire up immediately and check your core temperature from the hardware monitor in the bios setup. It is a good idea to leave the system in this state for about 20 minutes and then check the temperature again.

Regarding Throttling. If the CPU is not throttling, then it may be disabled in the BIOS, check this.

I had neglected to clean my heatsink and fan for about 3 months, and last night I was up until 1am trying to trace a fault and cleaning it out. My PC simply wasn't booting, but was giving the "processor not installed post beeps". It's ok now, so no more crashes for a while I hope. A fan that is full of dust soon becomes a faulty one.