My understanding is that blockades are started by the "raid" AI decision. Basically when a hostile faction doesn't have enough power to attack you, nor enough money/infrastructure to catch up over a few turns, it enters "raiding mode", which is kind of like the asshat button. They'll blockade your port for a few turns, send teensy widdle armies over your lands to disrupt trade and generally make a nuisance of themselves.
Or it could be a council of nobles mission, I've still haven't been able to determine wether the AI gets missions with certainty...
I usually try and get ceasefires with raiding factions, they most often agree wholeheartedly.
Back in 1.0 I was working on a modded AI file which commented out any and all mention of raids (among other things) but didn't get to test it and I've lost my file since then, but you could give it a try (the file is descr_campaign_AI.xml)
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