According to the article I linked, it's partly higher arrest rates and partly higher rates of imprisonment if arrested. The article focuses on the former, arguing that blacks are more likely to be stopped and searched, and are more intensively policed. It's not just that the white drug users in suburbia get more lenient treatment if caught, they are much less likely to be caught.
Although Black people are 12 percent of the population and 14 percent of drug users, according to Mauer and Cole, they comprise 34 percent of those arrested for drug offenses and 45 percent of those incarcerated in state prisons for such offenses.
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