Once you get into the habit of knocking down the walls rather than storming them, you'll never go back to ladders and towers. You take FAR fewer casualties, plus you can assault on the same turn you besiege the place. Ballista are largely useless for any decent fortification though and are better used against infantry IMO. Catapults can serve against low level cities and castles, but again they mainly shine on the battlefield. Trebuchets are where it's at before gunpowder. Two units of trebs can make several wall breaches plus destroy all nearby towers. You can even easily punch through both walls of a Fortress before moving anyone into arrow range if you set up in the right spots.
Once gunpowder comes around, I drop the trebs fast and switch to the best cannon I can produce. Gun smiths are so damn cheap that there's no reason not to use them.
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