Chaldeans, and therefore "Catholic" but not "Roman Catholic". Having said that, while the Church today is not unified as it was before Chalcedon, the major branches now recognise each other as legitimate churches, for the most part/ Bear in mind, Protestants are the minority over the course of the world and Roman Catholicism is perfectly capable of growing crazies.
Present yes, but my impression was that the massacre was carried out by Anglo-Normans commanded by Richard personally. It's also worth noting that, contrary to wiki, Richard did it publically for Saladin's benefit, as he felt personally betrayed (Saladin having agreed terms for the exchange in bad faith).
I said nothing about Holy War, and it's not something I personally agree with - I merely make the point that Christianity has the intellectual machinery to spawn a religious "Just War" and if ISIS is allowed to run rampant without Western intervention then it becomes a question of "!when" and not "if".
I'm sure, 800 years ago, the Muslim princes would have laughed if we told them their society would descend into a dusty, barely functioning, hopelessly fractured, morass of corruption and religious extremism.
We should take the lesson.
As I recall, a lot of philosophers outside Germany told the Jews that the best thing for them was to submit to Nazi rule - with the exception of the Roman Catholic Church, or at least significant parts thereof.
You bet they do - the French are just good at shouting them down and doing what I think of as "soft" ethnic cleansing, so a man like Brenus (who is Occitan apparently) is glad he can now speak only French and not the "patois".
It doesn't erupt into violence, for the most part, because French living is generally good and it's not worth dying for, but in Spain (which also tried to "create a people") the Basques do still fight back, although less than they did.
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