Well, these are very common questions, although I doubt they can be found in the FAQs. For this sort of stuff, usually a forum search is the best, although you normally get too many results for it to be useful.
Question One: Yes, it is the reforms that trigger the KH pike phalanx recruitment. Well, sort of reforms. Basically, it is the old vanilla March of Time. A settlement in central Italy has to reach Huge size to activate the March of Time. AFAIK, it cannot be Rome. The easiest way to quickly get the Marhc of Time is to capture Capua, add_population Capua <insert number> via console (~), build a palace that upgrades the city to Large and then Huge and finally give it back to Rome with Force Diplomacy mod or jsut hope they take it (by force - just leave the city empty, or via normal diplomacy).
Question Two: Some starting KH FMs have Spartan Bodyguards. Other have the standard ones. It is based on the character's historical ethnicity. All your subsequent FMs will have the normal bodyguards.
The size of the bodyguard depends on three things: a little bit on age and influence as well as a WHOLE lot on the total amount of personal security from traits. There was research done on this in Ludus Magna and from my personal experience, I have observed the same things. Personal security has an enormous effect. All my paranoid FMs have gargantuan bodyguards. Oh, and yes, faction leaders and heirs also get a huge boost in bodyguards.
EDIT: Well, I knew other people were going to post before me, but I began typing when there were no replies yet. Not to mention, my post is long and (hopefully) informative. Darn my laptop! I type so much faster on my desktop!!
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